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Cytotoxicity of free TP 5 and TP 5-NPs. HepG2 (A) and SMMC-7721 (B) cells were treated by TP 5 or TP 5-NPs for 24, 48 and 72 h. Data are displayed as mean ± SD (n = 6). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, TP 5-NPs vs. TP 5. Both free TP 5 and TP 5-NPs exhibited dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity. The cells were completely killed when the concentration of free TP 5 exceeds 40.0 μg/mL. Abbreviations: TP 5; thiophene derivatives; TP 5-NPs, TP 5-loaded nanoparticles.
