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. 2019 Jan 4;20(1):165. doi: 10.3390/ijms20010165

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Profiled membranes with straight ridges parallel to the flow direction: (a) SEM-image of a cross-section of the profiled cation-exchange membrane (CEM). Reproduced with permission from Reference [19]. Copyright 2011 Elsevier; (b) Photo of 1 × 1 cm2 section of profiled CEM after more than 60 days of reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack operation, in which air sparging was applied as an antifouling strategy. Reproduced with permission from Reference [21]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.