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. 2019 Jan 4;20(1):165. doi: 10.3390/ijms20010165

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chevron profiled membranes used in RED: (a) SEM image of the surface morphology, (b) segment of a channel formed by chevron profiled membranes; (c) map of mass transfer coefficient, obtained by CFD, at two linear flow velocity of 1.0 cm/s, (d) comparison, based on CFD simulations, of the ratio (θ) between net power density obtainable in RED stacks with different configurations and the one obtainable in RED stack with empty channels, (e) experimental net power density obtained in RED stacks with different configurations. Reproduced with permission from References [45,46]. Copyright 2016 and 2017, respectively, Elsevier.