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(a) Parameters needed to define the nozzle contour in annular nozzles used for laser cutting and (b) shadowgraph of the free jet exhausted by an annular nozzle defined by d/D = 0.8, and α = 40° at an assistant pressure of p/pa = 9. (c) Coanda nozzle, and (d) Schlieren image of an impinging jet ejected by this kind of nozzle. Reprinted with permission from [97,102]; Copyright 1990 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992 SPIE.
