Table 2.
Phytotoxins produced by phytopathogenic Burkholderia species, their major phytotoxic effect, and mode of action.
| Phytotoxin | Producing Species | Major Phytotoxic Effect | Mode of Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toxoflavin | B. glumae; B. gladioli | Severe damage to rice panicles and inhibition of sprout and root elongation in seedlings. | An active electron carrier between NADH and oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species | [65,67] |
| Tropolone | B. plantarii | Blight symptoms | A potential iron chelator with multiple biological roles | [51,76] |
| Rhizoxin | Mycetohabitans rhizoxinia * | Seedling blight symptoms in rice; signaling element for bacterial-fungal symbiosis | Acts on β-tubulin and blocks mitosis, inhibiting eukaryotic cell growth. | [25,80,81] |
| Rhizobitoxine | Robbsia andropogonis | Leaf chlorosis in host plants | Inhibition of methionine and ethylene biosynthetic pathways | [82,84] |
| Pyochelin | Burkholderia arboris | Necrosis in Pinus densiflora | ND | [87] |
* M. rhizoxinica is considered as a phytopathogenic species, as it is responsible for the production of rhizoxin, the major virulence factor for rice seedling blight.