Figure 12.

Effects of K36 on (a) NO production, (b) NO production after mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors treatment and (c) PGE₂ production in human epidermal keratinocytes (n = 8), respectively; significant difference versus nonirradiated group: ##, p < 0.01; ###, p < 0.001; significant difference versus irradiated and nontreatment group: **, p < 0.014; ***, p < 0.001. a–d: Values not followed by a common letter are significantly different. The bars and error bars present as mean ± SD (n = 8). White column is non UVA-irradiation and non K36 treated group, black column is UVA-irradiation and non K36 treated group, and grey column is UVA-irradiation with various concentration of K36 treatment group.