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. 2018 Dec 21;20(1):40. doi: 10.3390/ijms20010040

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) evolution (mostly) in Pyrococcus furiosis (Pfu), an ancient archaea. Columns of the genetic code are indicated by shading: column 1 (red); column 2 (yellow); column 3 (blue); and column 4 (green). Class I and class II aaRS enzymes are indicated with their structural subclasses (A–E). aaRS enzymes with editing active sites are in green type. Boxes are placed around class I aaRS enzymes. Sma: Staphylothermus marinus; Eco: Escherichia coli. AlaX is an editing function missing a synthetic AlaRS active site. This figure is modified from [46].