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. 2018 Dec 21;20(1):40. doi: 10.3390/ijms20010040

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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In archaea, the genetic code is effectively half as complex in tRNA compared to mRNA. The genetic code is shown as a codon-anticodon (Ac) table. The structural classes of aaRS enzymes are indicated (i.e., GlyRS-IIA is indicated as GLY-IIA). Grey shading indicates aaRS editing. Red bases are not utilized in the tRNA anticodon wobble position. Boxes indicate co-evolution of amino acids and aaRS enzymes in columns. TyrRS-IC and TrpRS-IC (boxed) are related across rows. Significantly, only pyrimidine/purine discrimination is achieved in the wobble position in archaea because of anticodon wobble ambiguity. Ancient archaea tend to have ~44 tRNAs, but tRNA wobble U and C anticodons are effectively synonymous.