Table 5.

Indicators of oxidative stress in lactating dairy cows fed flaxseed products ¹.

Items 3	Treatments 2 and References
	0%, 5%, 10%, 15% FM [99]	Non-FM vs. 12.4% FM Diets [111]	Non-FM vs. 13.7% FM Diets [112]
Milk TBARS	Q,C 4	NS	NS
Plasma TBARS	NS	NS	NS
Ruminal TBARS	NS 5	NS 6	↑ 7
Plasma peroxidizability index	−	NS	NS
Plasma total antioxidant capacity	−	NS	NS

¹ Significant differences in the cited references were declared at p ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < p ≤ 0.10; NS = not significant (p > 0.10). ² FM = flaxseed meal. ³ TBARS = thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (nmol of malondialdehyde equivalent/mL); plasma peroxidizability index = (% dienoic fatty acid × 1) + (% trienoic fatty acid × 2) + (% tetraenoic fatty acid × 3) + (% pentaenoic fatty acid × 4) + (% hexaenoic fatty acid × 5) [113]; plasma total antioxidant capacity expressed in mM. ⁴ Quadratic and cubic effects were observed. ⁵ no overall treatment effect, but a significant treatment by sampling time interaction was reported [linear decrease at 2 h post-feeding; no changes at 0 (pre-feeding), 4, and 6 h post-feeding]. ⁶ no overall treatment effect, but a significant treatment by sampling time interaction was reported [no effects at 0 (pre-feeding) and 2 h post-feeding but decreased with FM at 4 and 6 h post-feeding]. ⁷↑ = positive effect.