Table 1.
Examples of PTM studies for various clinically relevant biological fluids.
| Body Fluid | PTM | Disease | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | Phosphorylation | Breast cancer | Proteomics study revealed unique phosphopeptide profile of plasma derived extracellular vesicles from breast cancer patients | [60] |
| Phosphorylation | Alzheimer’s disease | Phospho-Tau presence in AD patient plasma samples | [61] | |
| Phosphorylation | Parkinson’s disease | Plasma samples demonstrated higher phosphorylated α-synuclein levels compared to healthy controls | [62] | |
| Acetylation, Ubiquitination | Glioblastoma | LC-MS/MS analysis on plasma from patients with glioblastoma multiform showed decreased acetylated and ubiquitinated peptides | [63] | |
| Ubiquitination | Leukaemia | Unique plasma profile of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and steep ubiquitin protein levels were detected in AML and ALL patient plasma samples | [64] | |
| Sera | Glycosylation | Alzheimer’s disease | Increased O-GlcNAcylation levels and decreased global glycosylation levels | [65] |
| Glycosylation | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Increase in the levels of golgi glycoprotein GP73 in HCC patient serum | [66] | |
| Glycosylation | Ovarian cancer | Changes in serum glycome profile of ovarian cancer patients | [67] | |
| Glycosylation | Breast cancer | Abundant fucosylation in metastatic breast cancer patient sera | [68] | |
| Acetylation, Methylation | Leukaemia | Lysine acetylation and arginine mono-methylation as the prevalent PTMs in sera of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, breast cancer, and non-small-cell lung cancer | [69] | |
| Saliva | Phosphorylation | Control | Large-Scale Phosphoproteomics Analysis of Whole Saliva | [70,71] |
| Glycosylation | Oral ulcer | Proteomic and N-glycoproteomic quantification reveal aberrant changes in the human saliva of oral ulcer patients. | [72] | |
| Glycosylation | Control | Analysis of age and gender associated N-glycoproteome in human whole saliva | [73] | |
| Glycosylation | Control | Identification of N-Linked Glycoproteins in Human Saliva | [74] | |
| Cerebro spinal fluid | Glycosylation | Alzheimer’s disease | Unusually glycosylated acetylcholinesterase in CSF samples of AD patients as a diagnostic molecule | [30] |
| Glycosylation | Schizophrenia | Identification of N-glycosylation changes in the CSF and serum in patients with schizophrenia | [75] | |
| Phosphorylation | Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease | CSF of AD and PD patients have also been positive for phospho-Tau and phospho α-Synuclein respectively | [20,76] | |
| Ubiquitination | Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease | Accumulation of other PTM, ubiquitin and associated enzymes in the CSF samples of AD and PD patients | [77,78] | |
| Pancreatic fluid | Several | Pancreatitis | Use of pancreatic fluid to outline the PTM profile unique for individuals with chronic pancreatitis | [79] |
| Urine | Glycosylation | Prostate cancer | Characterisation of Glycoproteins from urine samples of prostate cancer patients with different Gleason scores | [80] |
| Glycosylation | Prostate cancer | Investigation of glycoproteome to discriminate prostate cancer (PCa) from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | [81] | |
| Phosphorylation | Pregnancy | Evaluating the expression of specific phosphoproteins during pregnancy comparison with non-pregnancy. | [82] | |
| Phosphorylation | Bladder cancer | Phosphorylation of urinary tyrosine protein reported for predicting early bladder cancer onset | [83] |