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The dual regulation mechanism of SIN, (+) indicated that SIN could up-regulate (↑) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, activate (↑) NF-κB pathway and promote mast cell degranulation to release histamine, further causing adverse reactions; (−) indicated that SIN could down-regulate (↓) COX-2 expression and inhibit (↓) NF-κB signaling pathway, thus exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
