Table 9.
Median (IQR) grams of food eaten daily by high-DASH consumers of those foods
| Food group | High DASH | Coefficient (95% CI)a | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High home preparation | Low home preparation | All | |||
| Reduced fat milk | 172.5 (88.1, 253.5) | 190.0 (105.0, 292.5) | 178.8 (96.3, 267.5) | 12.4 (−10.0, 34.9) | 0.28 |
| Whole milk | 52.5 (9.5, 159.2) | 25.0 (10.0, 149.3) | 50.0 (9.5, 159.2) | −5.9 (− 13.6, 1.8) | 0.13 |
| Other milk and cream | 21.0 (9.6, 62.5) | 12.4 (7.5, 30.0) | 16.3 (7.5, 48.8) | −16.7 (−36.2, 2.7) | 0.09 |
| Yogurt, fromage frais and dairy desserts | 60.0 (31.3, 93.8) | 68.1 (43.8, 100.0) | 62.5 (32.5, 100.0) | 13.1 (3.0, 23.3) | 0.01 |
| Butter | 15.0 (7.5, 27.5) | 20.0 (10.0, 30.0) | 15.0 (9.0, 30.0) | 2.6 (−1.4, 6.7) | 0.20 |
| Reduced fat spread | 8.5 (4.3, 14.6) | 11.2 (6.8, 17.0) | 10.0 (5.0, 16.3) | 2.1 (0.9, 3.4) | < 0.01 |
| PUFA margarines and oils | 1.9 (0.7, 7.8) | 1.4 (0.4, 2.5) | 1.5 (0.7, 4.5) | −1.3 (−3.1, 0.5) | 0.16 |
| Other margarine, fats and oils | 2.9 (1.5, 6.2) | 1.4 (0.7, 3.0) | 2.6 (1.1, 4.8) | −1.4 (−2.3, −0.5) | < 0.01 |
| Cheese | 18.3 (10.0, 30.6) | 18.8 (10.0, 32.3) | 18.5 (10.0, 31.3) | 0.2 (−2.7, 3.0) | 0.91 |
| Eggs and egg dishes | 30.0 (15.0, 45.0) | 28.5 (14.3, 44.3) | 28.5 (15.0, 45.0) | −4.8 (−8.7, −1.0) | 0.01 |
| Brown bread | 49.7 (27.6, 72.6) | 59.2 (33.5, 89.5) | 52.2 (30.0, 82.5) | 10.4 (5.3, 15.4) | < 0.01 |
| White bread | 30.3 (18.0, 52.8) | 36.0 (20.0, 73.0) | 32.4 (18.7, 61.9) | 10.5 (4.8, 16.2) | < 0.01 |
| Other bread | 24.5 (14.8, 38.6) | 29.3 (20.6, 43.0) | 25.9 (20.0, 38.8) | 7.9 (−4.9, 20.7) | 0.23 |
| High fibre breakfast cereals | 29.3 (15.0, 54.0) | 36.6 (20.0, 66.0) | 32.5 (17.5, 59.4) | 3.2 (−4.4, 10.7) | 0.41 |
| Other breakfast cereals | 15.0 (7.5, 27.5) | 20.0 (10.0, 30.0) | 15.0 (9.0, 30.0) | 2.6 (−1.4, 6.7) | 0.20 |
| Pasta, rice and other cereals | 12.5 (6.3, 25.8) | 12.5 (5.8, 24.8) | 12.5 (6.3, 25.0) | −1.3 (−3.7, 1.2) | 0.32 |
| Nuts and seeds | 12.5 (5.6, 25.0) | 9.7 (6.3, 20.9) | 12.5 (5.9, 24.5) | −0.9 (−5.9, 4.2) | 0.74 |
| Salad and other raw vegetables | 56.4 (24.3, 94.6) | 63.6 (27.0, 103.4) | 60.1 (26.3, 98.6) | 6.7 (−1.3, 14.6) | 0.10 |
| Vegetables not raw | 190.2 (131.9, 259.4) | 139.2 (95.0, 183.3) | 163.1 (116.3, 232.3) | −52.3 (−63.7, −40.9) | < 0.01 |
| Fruit | 196.0 (132.2, 301.3) | 219.4 (145.2, 348.8) | 203.9 (134.9, 314.6) | 7.5 (−8.0, 23.0) | 0.34 |
| Fruit juice | 77.5 (31.3, 150.0) | 112.5 (50.0, 175.0) | 93.8 (37.5, 150.0) | 32.3 (14.5, 50.2) | < 0.01 |
| Smoothies 100% fruit and/or juice | 66.3 (66.3, 198.8) | 66.3 (43.5, 95.4) | 66.3 (66.3, 95.4) | 23.0 (−119.7, 165.7) | 0.73 |
| Biscuits, chocolate and candy | 14.8 (8.1, 25.0) | 20.4 (10.0, 40.0) | 17.5 (8.8, 32.8) | 11.3 (8.0, 14.6) | < 0.01 |
| Ice cream | 30.0 (21.3, 50.0) | 27.5 (16.3, 50.0) | 30.0 (20.0, 50.0) | 0.5 (−4.6, 5.5) | 0.85 |
| Puddings | 35.5 (22.5, 53.1) | 27.5 (16.9, 50.0) | 30.0 (20.0, 50.0) | −0.8 (− 11.2, 9.7) | 0.89 |
| Buns, cakes, pastries and fruit pies | 24.0 (14.0, 41.3) | 30.0 (15.8, 54.5) | 27.5 (15.0, 48.0) | 5.8 (1.9, 9.7) | < 0.01 |
| Sugars, preserves and sweet spreads | 12.0 (5.4, 20.2) | 9.0 (3.8, 16.9) | 11.0 (5.0, 19.6) | −0.3 (−2.2, 1.7) | 0.78 |
| Crisps and savoury snacks | 8.1 (6.3, 13.8) | 12.5 (6.3, 18.8) | 9.0 (6.3, 17.3) | 3.0 (0.9, 5.1) | < 0.01 |
| Oily fish | 37.5 (25.0, 53.0) | 28.1 (16.5, 40.0) | 32.3 (22.3, 50.5) | −4.2 (−9.7, 1.4) | 0.14 |
| White fish breaded or fried | 30.0 (25.0, 50.0) | 28.0 (25.0, 37.5) | 30.0 (25.0, 45.0) | −6.2 (−12.3, −0.1) | 0.05 |
| Other fish dishes (incl. White fish and shellfish) | 30.0 (18.0, 49.0) | 28.8 (15.0, 43.3) | 30.0 (16.3, 45.0) | −3.9 (− 9.4, 1.5) | 0.16 |
| Bacon and ham | 25.0 (15.0, 48.8) | 23.8 (11.3, 31.3) | 23.8 (11.3, 32.5) | 1.4 (−13.7, 16.5) | 0.85 |
| Pork and dishes | 30.0 (22.5, 45.0) | 30.0 (21.3, 42.8) | 30.0 (22.3, 42.8) | 1.6 (−3.7, 6.9) | 0.55 |
| Sausages | 28.4 (15.0, 38.0) | 22.5 (15.0, 39.9) | 26.2 (15.0, 39.9) | −3.6 (−9.2, 2.0) | 0.21 |
| Beef, veal and dishes | 34.7 (23.4, 53.3) | 29.2 (17.5, 39.8) | 32.0 (21.0, 50.0) | −4.1 (−10.4, 2.1) | 0.19 |
| Lamb and dishes | 40.0 (25.9, 54.2) | 23.5 (19.3, 36.5) | 35.0 (22.5, 47.9) | −15.5 (−26.8, −4.3) | < 0.01 |
| Liver and dishes | 20.0 (10.0, 33.2) | 20.0 (13.8, 25.6) | 20.0 (12.5, 30.0) | 1.2 (−5.1, 7.6) | 0.70 |
| Chicken and turkey dishes | 56.2 (32.5, 83.4) | 40.5 (26.3, 65.0) | 48.8 (30.0, 77.5) | −11.3 (−18.3, −4.3) | < 0.01 |
| Coated chicken | 100.0 (60.0, 195.0) | 95.0 (45.0, 125.0) | 95.0 (45.0, 130.0) | 6.0 (−51.4, 63.3) | 0.84 |
| Burgers and kebabs | 25.0 (15.0, 53.8) | 37.5 (8.5, 46.9) | 25.0 (10.0, 50.0) | 3.6 (−9.5, 16.7) | 0.58 |
| Meat pies and pastries | 30.0 (22.5, 50.0) | 37.5 (30.0, 45.8) | 35.0 (25.0, 45.8) | 0.5 (−9.4, 10.3) | 0.92 |
| Other meat and meat products | 12.5 (6.3, 25.8) | 12.5 (5.8, 24.8) | 12.5 (6.3, 25.0) | −1.3 (−3.7, 1.2) | 0.32 |
| Chips, roasted and fried potatoes | 46.0 (25.4, 64.4) | 41.3 (25.0, 66.3) | 41.3 (25.0, 64.4) | −1.4 (−6.8, 4.1) | 0.63 |
| Other potato dishes | 60.0 (40.0, 93.3) | 65.3 (42.5, 110.0) | 62.5 (40.5, 101.8) | 10.3 (2.6, 18.1) | < 0.01 |
| Artificial sweeteners | 1.0 (0.5, 2.6) | 3.0 (0.9, 4.8) | 1.5 (0.5, 3.8) | 0.8 (−0.4, 2.0) | 0.18 |
| Dietary supplements | 1.5 (1.0, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.5 (1.0, 3.0) | −0.8 (−2.3, 0.6) | 0.25 |
| Tea, coffee and water | 1288.4 (952.7, 1625.5) | 1248.9 (899.3, 1635.5) | 1264.3 (930.5, 1630.8) | 15.3 (−64.1, 94.7) | 0.71 |
| Soft drinks low calorie | 150.0 (82.5, 300.0) | 142.0 (75.0, 325.0) | 142.0 (75.0, 300.0) | 6.7 (−96.1, 109.4) | 0.90 |
| Soft drinks not low calorie | 100.0 (62.5, 160.8) | 85.0 (50.0, 187.5) | 91.8 (50.0, 175.0) | −15.2 (−53.0, 22.5) | 0.43 |
| Beer, lager, cider and perry | 165.0 (75.0, 322.9) | 310.0 (141.8, 496.1) | 225.0 (110.0, 425.3) | 176.3 (85.1, 267.5) | < 0.01 |
| Wine | 102.1 (43.8, 170.0) | 129.0 (62.5, 218.8) | 118.8 (46.9, 187.5) | 27.1 (2.4, 51.7) | 0.03 |
| Spirits and liqueurs | 21.0 (6.5, 25.9) | 22.5 (11.5, 28.8) | 22.5 (8.6, 28.8) | 1.4 (−4.7, 7.5) | 0.65 |
| Miscellaneous | 35.8 (14.0, 77.3) | 34.3 (13.4, 81.3) | 34.8 (13.8, 78.8) | −1.0 (−8.3, 6.2) | 0.78 |
aAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, children, education, income and occupation
Note: Italics indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)