Table 2.
Bivariable associations with recurrent severe anemia
| Variable | Study category | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases N = 101 | Controls N = 95 | *Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Age in months, mean (SD) | 32.2 (14.3) | 30.3 (14.5) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 38 (40.0) | 43 (42.6) | 1.00 | |
| Male | 57 (60.0) | 58 (57.4) | 0.92 (0.45,1.85) | 0.805 |
| Occupation of caregiver, n (%) | ||||
| Un-employed | 76 (75.2) | 72 (75.8) | 1.00 | |
| Employed | 25 (24.8) | 23 (24.2) | 0.94 (0.43,2.04) | 0.879 |
| Highest education level of mother, n (%) | ||||
| None and primary | 78 (77.2) | 66 (69.5) | 1.00 | |
| Secondary and above | 23 (22.8) | 29 (30.5) | 0.88 (0.42,1.84) | 0.727 |
| Mother’s age, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 28 years | 51 (56.0) | 46 (54.8) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ 29 years | 40 (44.0) | 38 (45.2) | 0.58 (0.66,1.27) | 0.173 |
| No. of children in household, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 2 | 24 (23.8) | 22 (23.2) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ 3 | 77 (76.2) | 73 (76.8) | 0.90 (0.40,2.01) | 0.802 |
| Total no. of people in household, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 7 | 61 (60.4) | 64 (67.4) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ 8 | 40 (39.6) | 31 (32.6) | 1.05 (0.52,2.11) | 0.895 |
| No. of meals per day, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 2 | 25 (41.7) | 29 (67.4) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ 3 | 35 (58.3) | 14 (32.6) | 1.73 (0.67,4.50) | 0.258 |
| History | ||||
| Passage of dark or red-colored urine, n (%) | ||||
| No | 61 (60.4) | 90 (94.7) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 40 (39.4) | 5 (5.3) | 14.7 (3.34,64.80) | < 0.001 |
| ACTs use prior to admission, n (%) | ||||
| No | 66 (65.5) | 79 (83.2) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 35 (34.7) | 16 (16.8) | 2.67 (1.21,5.91) | 0.015 |
| Malarial anemia at most recent admission | ||||
| No | 25 (25.0) | 18 (18.9) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 75 (75.0) | 77 (81.1) | 0.39 (0.15,0.98) | 0.044 |
| History of other previous admissions | ||||
| No | 36 (35.6) | 59 (62.1) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 65 (64.4) | 36 (37.9) | 2.96 (1.59,5.52) | < 0.001 |
| History of earlier previous transfusions | ||||
| No | 52 (51.5) | 78 (82.1) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 49 (48.5) | 17 (17.9) | 4.32 (2.15,8.82) | < 0.001 |
| At current admission | ||||
| Malaria diagnosis | ||||
| No | 33 (32.7) | 45 (47.4) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 68 (67.3) | 50 (52.6) | 2.19 (1.08,4.45) | 0.030 |
| Suspected bacteremia diagnosis | ||||
| No | 55 (54.5) | 67 (70.5) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 46 (45.5) | 28 (29.5) | 1.93 (0.97,3.84) | 0.060 |
| Hemoglobinuria diagnosis | ||||
| No | 63 (62.4) | 90 (94.6) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 38 (37.6) | 5 (5.3) | 12.18 (3.40,43.65) | < 0.001 |
| ǂ Sickle cell status, newly diagnosed | ||||
| Normal (Hb-AA) | 47 (73.4) | 42 (84) | 1.00 | |
| Sickle cell trait (Hb-AS) | 8 (12.5) | 2 (4) | 1.44 (0.24,8.71) | 0.692 |
| Sickle cell anemia (Hb-SS) | 9 (14.1) | 6 (12.0) | 4.21 (1.03,17.13) | 0.045 |
| Reticulocyte production index | ||||
| > 2 | 20 (37.7) | 14 (37.8) | 1.00 | |
| ≤ 2 | 33 (62.3) | 23 (62.2) | 1.40 (0.37,5.22) | 0.621 |
| MUAC, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 12.5 cm | 9 (9.1) | 5 (5.3) | 1.00 | |
| > 12.6 cm | 90 (90.9) | 89 (94.7) | 0.41 (0.10,1.73) | 0.223 |
| ABO blood grouping | ||||
| Group O | 36 (50.0) | 28 (50.0) | 1.00 | |
| †Non- group O | 36 (50.0) | 28 (50.0) | 1.02 (0.41,2.57) | 0.963 |
| MCV¶ | ||||
| > 70 fl | 41 (100) | 36 (94.7) | ||
| ≤ 70 fl | 0 (0) | 2 (5.3) | ||
* OR by McNemar method, ǂ114 samples tested, †Group A = 28, B = 30, AB = 6 among 128 tested, no stat test done here