Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| HC (n = 25) | PD-NC (n = 27) | PD-MCI (n = 27) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)# | 59.44 (5.77) | 63.11 (9.27) | 62.59 (6.61) | 0.17 |
| Gender (male/female) | 11/14 | 15/12 | 16/11 | 0.61 |
| Education (years) | 12.08 (2.91) | 13.37 (2.91) | 7.78 (4.27) | <0.001†‡ |
| Disease duration (years) | — | 3.71 (2.96) | 3.65 (2.86) | 0.82 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | — | 1.88 (0.50) | 1.71 (0.68) | 0.20 |
| UPDRS Part III# | — | 23.82 (7.38) | 21.38 (9.53) | 0.38 |
| L-DOPA dose (mg/day) | — | 334.13 (255.73) | 370.88 (392.0) | 0.93 |
| HAMD | 1.80 (2.29) | 2.89 (1.50) | 3.44 (2.31) | 0.006*† |
| Attention and working memory | ||||
| Trait making test (B-A) | 30.52 (11.97) | 37.22 (26.09) | 99.78 (57.97) | <0.001†‡ |
| Digit span forward | 7.20 (1.32) | 7.22 (1.55) | 5.63 (1.45) | <0.001†‡ |
| Digit span backward | 5.44 (1.56) | 4.63 (1.33) | 3.52 (0.98) | <0.001†‡ |
| Executive function | ||||
| Verbal fluency test | 21.80 (4.00) | 17.04 (3.24) | 15.44 (4.29) | <0.001*† |
| Clock drawing test | 9.52 (0.92) | 9.52 (1.19) | 7.07 (2.53) | <0.001†‡ |
| Language | ||||
| WAIS-IV | 17.44 (2.75) | 17.19 (3.49) | 9.48 (3.66) | <0.001†‡ |
| Boston naming test | 24.76 (1.79) | 24.07 (2.99) | 19.93 (4.44) | <0.001†‡ |
| Memory | ||||
| AVLT immediate recall# | 29.56 (6.64) | 26.96 (5.91) | 21.89 (4.60) | <0.001†‡ |
| AVLT delayed recall | 10.40 (2.60) | 9.44 (2.38) | 7.56 (3.70) | <0.001† |
| Logic memory immediate recall | 5.20 (1.91) | 5.19 (1.39) | 2.96 (1.76) | <0.001†‡ |
| Logic memory delayed recall | 4.29 (1.40) | 4.15 (1.63) | 2.26 (1.77) | <0.001†‡ |
| Visual spatial function | ||||
| CLOX | 14.04 (0.73) | 13.39 (1.11) | 11.37 (2.18) | <0.001†‡ |
| JOLO | 21.36 (5.15) | 19.78 (4.79) | 14.78 (5.61) | <0.001†‡ |
Note: data are expressed as mean (standard deviation). Gender data were analyzed with χ2 test. Other p values were derived from Kruskal Wallis test or Mann-Whitney test except for # that was derived from the independent one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or two sample t-test. *Post hoc comparisons showed significant differences between healthy controls (HCs) and patients with Parkinson’s disease with normal cognition (PD-NC); †post hoc comparisons showed significant differences between HCs and patients with PD-mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI); ‡post hoc comparisons showed significant differences between patients with PD-NC and those with PD-MCI. UPDRS, unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; HAMD, Hamilton depression rating scale; JOLO, Benton Judgment of Line Orientation.