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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Jan;12(1):e007835. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.007835

Figure 2. Collagen hydrogels demonstrate affinity of 18F-fluoride for microcalcifications.

Figure 2.

A, Quantification of radioactive signal of 18F-NaF bound to microcalcifications within collagen hydrogels of two different collagen concentrations and two-way ANOVA analysis. Control – collagen hydrogels incubated without extracellular vesicles (0.25 mg/ml - 0.88×102±0.02×102 CPM; 0.5 mg/ml - 0.85×102±0.04 ×102 CPM). Cold NaF - a mixture of radioactively labeled 18F-fluoride and unlabeled fluoride to test for nonspecific binding of the tracer to microcalcifications (0.25 mg/ml - 2.59×102±1.62×102 CPM; 0.5 mg/ml - 5.67×102±2.79×102 CPM). Hot NaF – radioactively labeled 18F-fluoride for total binding (0.25 mg/ml - 33.8×102±12.4×102 CPM; 0.5 mg/ml - 67.7×102±37.4×102 CPM) (p=0.0014). P-value of the labeling method = 0.0014, p-value associated with collagen concentration = 0.2119, p-value of the interaction = 0.2956. B, Fluorescence microscopy of microcalcifications in collagen hydrogels with microcalcifications after incubation with bisphosphonate-based fluorescent tracer (scale bars 100 µm). Two different collagen concentrations were used for the hydrogels. C, NIRF and autoradiography of microcalcifications in 3D collagen hydrogels after incubation with a NIRF tracer or 18F-fluoride, respectively (scale bars 10 mm).