TABLE.
Characteristics of the Overall Cohort at Baseline and Matched Subset on January 1 of Year in Which the Screened Patient Underwent DXA Testinga,b,c
| Matched patients (as of January 1 of the matching year) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall cohort (at baseline) (N=2,539,812) |
DXA tested (n=183,943) |
Untested (n=475,449) |
| Demographic, social, and system factors | |||
| Age (y) | 74.5±6.2 | 77.0±5.7 | 76.7±5.9 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.2±4.7 | 28.0±4.4 | 27.9 ±4.3 |
| Race | |||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 176,903 (7.0) | 13,100 (7.1) | 33,610 (7.1) |
| Other | 90,869 (3.6) | 8040 (4.4) | 20,538 (4.3) |
| Unknown | 519,216 (20.4) | 33,046 (18.0) | 83,572 (17.6) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1,752,824 (69.0) | 129,757 (70.5) | 337,729 (71.0) |
| No co-pay (low income/disability) | 1,628,545 (64.1) | 113,703 (61.8) | 292,091 (61.4) |
| Medicaid | 152,670 (6.0) | 11,381 (6.2) | 29,826 (6.3) |
| Married | 1,814,547 (71.4) | 137,421 (74.7) | 355,461 (74.8) |
| Rural | 170,478 (6.7) | 10,228 (5.6) | 26,281 (5.5) |
| Homeless | 17,953 (0.7) | 1059 (0.6) | 2574 (0.5) |
| Prisoner of war | 25,626 (1.0) | 2478 (1.3) | 6297 (1.3) |
| Colorectal cancer screened | 295,027 (11.6) | 102,578 (55.8) | 263,640 (55.5) |
| No. of outpatient visits | 5.0 (6.0) | 8.0 (10.0) | 8.0 (11.0) |
| Fracture risk factors | |||
| Chronic lung disease | 442,017 (17.4) | 68,023 (37.0) | 171,166 (36.0) |
| Diabetes | 414,548 (16.3) | 63,475 (34.5) | 158,970 (33.4) |
| Hyperthyroidism, Cushing syndrome, and hypogonadism | 20,057 (0.8) | 7519 (4.1) | 16,987 (3.6) |
| Parkinson disease | 27,527 (1.1) | 3992 (2.2) | 10,012 (2.1) |
| Prostate cancer | 212,223 (8.4) | 42,682 (23.2) | 108,382 (22.8) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 11,843 (0.5) | 5331 (2.9) | 8597 (1.8) |
| Gastrectomy and malabsorption | 6606 (0.3) | 2209 (1.2) | 5041 (1.1) |
| Alcohol abuse | 407,335 (16.0) | 32,487 (17.7) | 82,985 (17.5) |
| Smoking | 506,936 (20.0) | 33,172 (18.0) | 86,505 (18.2) |
| 10-y major fracture risk calculated using FRAX-BMI (%) | 6.4±3.0 | 6.6±3.0 | 6.5±3.0 |
| Medications | |||
| Androgen deprivation therapy | 11,078 (0.4) | 6393 (3.5) | 13,197 (2.8) |
| Glucocorticoids | 57,448 (2.3) | 25,304 (13.8) | 58,799 (12.4) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 187,410 (7.4) | 57,674 (31.4) | 143,556 (30.2) |
| SSRIs | 119,391 (4.7) | 27,444 (14.9) | 67,921 (14.3) |
| Traditional antiepileptic drugs | 53,670 (2.1) | 17,269 (9.4) | 41,732 (8.8) |
| Other diagnoses | |||
| Mood disorder | 345,200 (13.6) | 61,210 (33.3) | 152,551 (32.1) |
| Other psychiatric diagnosis | 175,646 (6.9) | 30,162 (16.4) | 74,535 (15.7) |
| Dementia | 84,154 (3.3) | 15,663 (8.5) | 36,580 (7.7) |
| Chronic liver disease | 54,162 (2.1) | 14,358 (7.8) | 34,505 (7.3) |
| Nonskin cancer | 491,142 (19.3) | 87,892 (47.8) | 224,772 (47.3) |
| Neuropathy | 165,038 (6.5) | 38,148 (20.7) | 94,287 (19.8) |
| Congestive heart failure | 256,692 (10.1) | 23,295 (12.7) | 58,154 (12.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 340,785 (13.4) | 97,068 (52.8) | 242,350 (51.0) |
| Stroke | 10,174 (0.4) | 2317 (1.3) | 5341 (1.1) |
| Charlson comorbidity score | 1.0 (3.0) | 0.0 (3.0) | 1.0 (3.0) |
a
DXA = dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; FRAX-BMI = Fracture Risk Assessment Tool using body mass index; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
b
Data are presented as mean ± SD, or No. (percentage).
c
Because of the large sample size, nearly all comparisons are statistically significant. Clinically important trends are noted in the text. The following variables had missing values (overall, screened, unscreened): body mass index (132,909; 8239; 20,381), co-pay (18,328; 1080; 2710), married (8681; 598; 1669), and rural (40,365; 3770; 9509).