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. 2019 Jan 17;10(1):1562839. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1562839

Table 2.

Results of the main analyses and nominally scaled moderator variables.

Analysis k M(r) τ2 95% CIu 95% CIl Q df p I2
All studies 47 −.41 .02 −.36 −.46 695.52 46 < .001 89.35
    −.53 .04 −.40 −.66        
Without outliers 43 −.39 .01 −.35 −.43 172.56 42 < .001 72.56
    −.40 .01 −.35 −.45        
SOC version                  
SOC-13 18 −.42 .02 −.35 −.49 81.51 17 < .001 77.18
    −.46 .02 −.36 −.56        
SOC-29 16 −.35 .01 −.29 −.41 37.66 15 .001 58.08
    −.33 .01 −.25 −.40        
PTSD measure                  
IES(-R) 11 −.40 .01 −.33 −.47 22.61 10 .012 52.44
    −.44 .01 −.33 −.54        
PDS 8 −.32 .01 −.22 −.41 35.94 7 < .001 76.70
    −.33 .01 −.17 −.50        
Other measures 19 −.41 .01 −.34 −.47 103.07 18 < .001 80.11
    −.42 .01 −.34 −.51        
DSM criterion A                  
Ensured on individual basis 14 −.39 .00 −.33 −.44 22.06 13 .055 43.49
    −.39 .00 −.31 −.47        
High-risk samples 23 −.37 .01 −.32 .43 85.95 22 < .001 73.97
    −.36 .01 −.30 −.43        
Stressful life events not fulfilling criterion A 5 −.42 .02 −.29 −.54 22.84 4 < .001 78.76
    −.50 .02 −.22 −.78        
Trauma type                  
Accidental traumas (e.g. traffic accidents) 7 −.35 .01 −.25 −.45 25.11 6 < .001 74.35
    −.32 .01 −.17 −.46        
Professional traumas 14 −.38 .01 −.32 −.44 40.40 13 < .001 71.72
    −.39 .01 −.32 −.46        
Medical traumas 6 −.40 .02 −.26 −.53 21.91 5 < .001 69.82
    −.52 .02 −.17 −.86        
Holocaust and war traumas 7 −.47 .00 −.40 −.54 8.32 6 .215 29.38
    −.46 .00 −.39 −.54        
Duration of traumatic stressor                  
Short 13 −.35 .02 −.27 −.43 86.94 12 < .001 78.77
    −.39 .03 −.25 −.53        
Long 9 −.45 .00 −.40 −.51 9.59 8 .295 14.70
    −.45 .00 −.39 −.51        

All results of moderator analyses exclude the outliers and are based on 43 samples. The second line of each analysis reports results corrected for small sample effects according to Henmi and Copas (2010). All results including outlying studies are presented in Appendix C, Table C1.

k, number of samples; M(r), mean correlation; τ2, estimated variance in population; CIl, lower bound of 95% confidence interval; CIu, upper bound of 95% confidence interval; Q, Q statistic; df, degrees of freedom of Q statistic; p, significance of Q; I2, index of heterogeneity; SOC, sense of coherence; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; IES(-R), Impact of Event Scale (Revised); PDS, Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.