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. 2018 Dec 27;30(4):635–649. doi: 10.1089/ars.2017.7350

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© James M. Phang, 2017; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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FIG. 1. — Proline metabolic pathway. 1, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase; 2, proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase; 3, pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase; 4, spontaneous; 5, glutamate dehydrogenase; 6, glutaminase; 7, ornithine aminotransferase, 8, ornithine transcarbamylase; 9, arginase, 10, ornithine decarboxylase, 11, nitric oxide synthase; 12, pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; ARG, arginine; CIT, citrulline; CP, carbamoyl phosphate; GLN, glutamine; GLU, glutamate; GSA, glutamic-γ-semialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; ORN, ornithine; P5C, Δ¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate; PRO, proline; PUT, putrescine; enzymes; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.