Fig. 3.

Pro-inflammatory response of TLR4, MyD88 or TLR2 knockout macrophages to αS oligomers. Cells were stimulated with αS oligomers (1–4000 nM (total monomer concentration)) or αS fibrils for 24 h. The levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β and NO were measured. a TNF-α production is significantly reduced with increasing oligomer concentration in the knockout cells compared to wild-type (TLR4^−/− p = 0.0015, MyD88^−/− p = 0.006, TLR2^−/− p = 0.02) (n = 5, sem). b IL-1β production is significantly reduced with increasing oligomer concentration in the knockout cells compared to wild-type (TLR4^−/−  p = 0.0015, MyD88^−/− p = 0.006, TLR2^−/− p = 0.008) (n = 4, sem). c NO production is significantly reduced   with increasing oligomer concentrations in the knockout cells compared to wild-type (TLR4^−/− p = 0.0014, MyD88^−/− p = 0.002, TLR2^−/− p = 0.03 (n = 3, sem). All statistical comparisons among groups were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey’s post hoc test