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. 2019 Jan 18;10:311. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08239-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Agrp neuron activation induces a shift in substrate utilization. a Control (black, n = 5) and Agrp^Trpv1 (blue, n = 5) mice were tested in indirect calorimetry chambers upon injection of capsaicin without food provided. b Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (interaction: F_12, 96 = 8.96, P < 0.0001; time: F_12, 96 = 1.31, P = 0.22; genotype: F_1, 8 = 54.45, P < 0.0001). c Calculated fat utilization (interaction: F_12, 96 = 3.52, P = 0.0002; time: F_12, 96 = 3.23, P = 0.0006; genotype: F_1, 8 = 55.31, P < 0.0001). d Calculated carbohydrate utilization (interaction: F_12, 96 = 13.52, P < 0.0001; time: F_12, 96 = 6.25, P < 0.0001; genotype: F_1, 8 = 58.16, P < 0.0001). e Ambulatory activity (interaction: F_12, 96 = 1.12, P = 0.34; time: F_12, 96 = 7.13, P < 0.0001; genotype: F_1, 8 = 5.29, P = 0.05). f Linear regression models of activity levels (in arbitrary units) and RER in control (gray) and Agrp^Trpv1 (red) mice. g Residuals from the linear regression model. In b, c, d and e, statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time as a repeated measure followed by Holm–Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (MCT; not shown). Dashed line indicates time of capsaicin injection. Symbols indicate mean ± SEM