. 2018 Dec 21;16(1):14. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16010014

Table 3.

Maternal and newborn characteristics according to delivery mode (ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test).

Maternal and Offspring Factors	Spontaneous Vaginal Birth	Vaginal Birth Operative	Planned CS	Emergency CS	p-Value
Maternal and Offspring Factors	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Maternal Factors
Age (years)	27.9 (5.2) ^bcd	29.2 (5.3) ^a	30.0 (5.6) ^a	29.6 (5.7) ^a	0.001
Body height (cm)	166.1 (6.3) ^d	165.2 (6.2)	166.5 (6.2) ^d	164.6 (5.9) ^ac	0.001
PPW (kg)	63.5 (12.8) ^d	64.2 (14.5)	64.9 (13.3)	66.6 (16.1) ^a	0.001
PPBMI (kg/m²)	23.02 (4.37) ^d	23.44 (4.84) ^d	23.37 (4.51) ^d	24.52 (5.41) ^abc	0.001
EPW (kg)	77.9 (13.4) ^d	78.8 (14.2) ^d	79.9 (13.7)	82.2 (16.2) ^a,b	0.001
GWG (kg)	14.5 (5.6) ^d	14.7 (6.7)	15.2 (5.8)	15.4 (5.9) ^a	0.042
Offspring Factors
Birth weight (g)	3381.4 (414.8) ^cd	3440.4 (434.6) ^c	3238.4 (416.1) ^abd	3445.3 (496.4) ^ac	0.001
Birth length (cm)	50.7 (1.9) ^cd	50.9 (2.2) ^c	50.2 (1.8) ^abd	51.1 (2.3) ^ac	0.001
HC (cm)	34.1 (1.3) ^bcd	34.4 (1.4) ^bc	34.7 (1.3) ^ab	34.6 (1.3) ^a	0.001
Apgar 1 min	9.3 (0.9) ^bcd	8.5 (1.4) ^ac	8.9 (1.0) ^abd	8.3 (1.9) ^ac	0.001
Apgar 5 min	9.9 (0.6) ^bcd	9.5 (0.9) ^ac	9.7 (0.6) ^abd	9.4 (1.2) ^ac	0.001
Apgar 10 min	9.9 (0.5) ^bd	9.8 (0.8) ^ac	9.9 (0.3) ^bd	9.8 (0.9) ^ac	0.002

Legend: PPW = prepregnancy weight; EPW = end of pregnancy weight; PPBMI = prepregnancy body mass index; GWG = gestational weight gain; HC = head circumference. ^a = significantly different from spontaneous vaginal birth; ^b = significantly different from vaginal birth operative; ^c = significantly different from planned CS, ^d = significantly different from emergency CS.