Table 1.
Clinically Relevant Components of ETS and Corresponding Biomarkers of Exposure.
| Constituent—Chemical Group | Concentration | Human Biomarkers |
|---|---|---|
| Acetaldehyde—Volatile Organic Compound | 200–300 µg/m3 | Tissue, Blood N2-ethylidene-dGuo levels |
| Formaldehyde—Volatile Organic Compound | 100–140 µg/m3 | Tissue, Blood N6-hydroxymethyl deoxyadenosine adducts |
| Nicotine—Tobacco Alkaloid | 10–100 µg/m3 | Total nicotine equivalents (TNE) * Blood, Salivary or Urinary Cotinine level |
| 1,3-Butadiene—Volatile Organic Compound | 20–40 µg/m3 | Urine Monohydroxybutenyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) |
| Benzene—Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon | 15–30 µg/m3 | Urine C,S BAP-tetrol Urine 3-hydroxy-BAP Urine 1-Hydroxypyrene Urine PheT |
| NNK (nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone)—Tobacco-specific nitrosamine | 0.2–29.3 µg/m3 | Urine NNK Urine NNAL Urine NNAL-N-Gluc Urine NNAL-O-Gluc |
| Carbon Monoxide—Variable Gas | 5–20 µg/m3 | Exhaled CO ([CO] in ppm) Blood carboxyhemoglobin (%saturation of Hgb) |
| NNN (N-nitrosonornicotine)—Tobacco Specific Nitrosamine | 0.7–23 µg/m3 | Urine NNN levels Urine NNN-Gluc levels |
Table adapted from: (4) Second Hand Tobacco Smoke. IARC Monographs. International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO. 2004; (5) Chang et al. Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure: Summary of an FDA-Sponsored Public Workshop. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017 Mar; 26(3): 291–302.