Table 2.
Participant characteristics at preschool (T1).
| Participant Characteristics | Total (n = 1668) | Boys (n = 853) | Girls (n = 815) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Family structure | ||||||
| Single-parent family | 105 | 6.3 | 60 | 7.0 | 45 | 5.5 |
| Two-parent family | 1563 | 93.7 | 793 | 93.0 | 770 | 94.5 |
| Attending institution | ||||||
| Nursery school | 883 | 52.9 | 451 | 52.9 | 432 | 53.0 |
| Kindergarten | 785 | 47.1 | 402 | 47.1 | 383 | 47.0 |
| Annual household income (in millions of JPY) | ||||||
| <3 | 165 | 10.2 | 97 | 11.7 | 68 | 8.6 |
| 3–5 | 711 | 43.8 | 365 | 44.0 | 346 | 43.5 |
| 6–8 | 467 | 28.7 | 225 | 27.1 | 242 | 30.4 |
| ≥9 | 282 | 17.4 | 143 | 17.2 | 139 | 17.5 |
| Maternal education level | ||||||
| Compulsory education | 41 | 2.5 | 19 | 2.2 | 22 | 2.7 |
| Upper secondary school | 400 | 24.2 | 208 | 24.6 | 192 | 23.8 |
| Up to four years at college/university | 671 | 40.6 | 355 | 42.0 | 316 | 39.2 |
| More than four years at college/university | 540 | 32.7 | 264 | 31.2 | 276 | 34.2 |
| Paternal education level | ||||||
| Compulsory education | 80 | 5.0 | 40 | 5.0 | 40 | 5.1 |
| Upper secondary school | 386 | 24.2 | 193 | 24.0 | 193 | 24.5 |
| Up to four years at college/university | 236 | 14.8 | 131 | 16.3 | 105 | 13.3 |
| More than four years at college/university | 891 | 55.9 | 441 | 54.8 | 450 | 57.1 |
Abbreviations: Japanese Yen (JPY).