Table 4.
Timing and sitting parameters
| Movement parameter | Details | No LBP (n = 100) |
LBP (n = 105) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delay at 0o | Mean delay (negative numbers indicate pelvic delay) | -0.21 ± 0.46 s | -0.36 ± 0.46 s |
p = .023 **β = − 0.15 (− 0.28, − 0.21) |
| Pelvic delay at onset of movement (10th centile, > 0.53 s) | Number (%) of people with pelvic delay > 0.53 s | 10 (10%) | 19(18%) | NS |
| *Prevalence ratio | – | 2.0 (0.9–3.3) | ||
| Lumbar delay at onset of movement (90th centile, > 0 s) | Number (%) of people with lumbar delay > 0 s | 11 (11%) | 10 (10%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | – | 1.1 (0.04–0.8) | ||
| Delay at 20o | Mean delay (negative numbers indicate pelvic delay) | − 0.30 ± 0.88 s | −0.51 ± 0.90s | NS β = − 0.21 (− 0.46, 0.44) |
| Pelvic delay at 20o of trunk flexion (10th centile, > 0.81 s | Number (%) of people with pelvic delay > 0.81 s | 10 (10%) | 29 (29%) | p = .0007 |
| Prevalence ratio | 2.9 (1.6–4.7) | |||
| Lumbar delay at 20o of trunk flexion (90th centile, > 0.15 s) | Number (%) of people with lumbar delay >.15 s | 9 (9%) | 18 (18%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | 2 (0.9–3.8) | |||
| Mean movement duration | Time from start of flexion to full flexion | 2.28 ± 0.94 | 3.18 ± 0.94 |
p < .0000 β = 0.90 (0.64, 1.16) |
| Slow Trunk movement (10th centile, > 3.12 s) | Number (%) of people with Slow Trunk movement | 10 (10%) | 49 (47%) | p < .0000 |
| Prevalence ratio | – | 4.7 (2.9–6.5) | ||
| Mean pelvic tilt range | Range from full anterior tilt to full posterior tilt | 29o ± 13o | 29o ± 13o | NS β = −0.3 (−3.8, 3.3) |
| Small pelvic ROM (10th centile, < 11o) | Number (%) of people with small pelvic tilt range | 10 (10%) | 10 (10%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | – | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | ||
| Large pelvic ROM (90th centile, >49o) | Number (%) of people with large pelvic flexion | 10 (10%) | 6 (6%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | – | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | ||
| Mean pelvic tilt ratio | Pelvic tilt range/range of trunk ROM change | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | NS β = 0.4 (0, 0.7) |
| Small tilt ratio (10th centile, < 0.69) | Number (%) of people with small pelvic tilt range | 10 (10%) | 6 (5.7%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | 0.58 (0.2–1.5) | |||
| Large tilt ratio (90th centile> 3.8) | Number (%) of people with large pelvic flexion | 10 (10%) | 13 (12%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | 1.27 (0.6–2.6) | |||
| Mean relative sitting position | Max slump sit = 100%, maximum upright sit = 0% | 48 ± 35% | 50 ± 35% | NS β = 2 (−7, 12) |
| Slumped sitting (10th centile, > 89%) | Number (%) of people with slumped sitting | 10 (10%) | 16 (16%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | – | 1.7 (0.8–3.2) | ||
| Upright sitting (90th centile, > 12%) | Number (%) of people with upright sitting | 10 (10%) | 10 (10%) | NS |
| Prevalence ratio | – | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) |
* Adjusted prevalence ratio’s considering the effect of age and gender are reported only, as there was minimal difference between unadjusted and adjusted ratios indicating minimal effect of age and gender
**β = the beta coefficient (and 95% confidence intervals) from regression models, which represents the size of the difference between the two groups, adjusted for age and gender