Abstract
Background
Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies have compared the efficacy of digital chest drainage system versus traditional chest drainage system. However, the results were inconsistent.
Methods
We searched the Web of Science and Pubmed for observational studies and RCTs that compared the effect of digital chest drainage system with traditional chest drainage system after pulmonary resection. Eight studies (5 randomized control trails and 3 observational studies) comprising 1487 patients met the eligibility criteria.
Results
Compared with the traditional chest drainage system, digital chest drainage system reduced the risk of prolonged air leak (PAL) (RR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.40–0.73, p < 0.0001), and shortened the duration of chest drainage (SMD = − 0.35, 95%CI -0.60 - -0.09, p = 0.008) and length of hospital stay (SMD = − 0.35, 95%CI -0.61 - -0.09, p = 0.007) in patients after pulmonary resection.
Conclusions
Digital chest drainage system is expected to benefit patients to attain faster recovery and higher life quality as well as to reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Further RCTs with larger sample size are still needed to more clearly elucidate the advantages of digital chest drainage system.
Keywords: Digital chest drainage system, Pulmonary resection, Postoperative care
Introduction
Alveolar air leak is one of the most frequent complications after pulmonary resection, which happened in up to 50% patients [1]. Prolonged air leak (PAL), defined as an air leak persisting more than 5 days by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database, occurred in approximately 8–15% patients after pulmonary resection [2]. It had been shown that PAL was associated with longer length of hospital stay, increased hospitalization costs, increased risk of empyema, and other possible cardiopulmonary complications [3, 4]. Thus, better approaches for postoperative care are needed to optimize the recovery of patients after pulmonary resection.
Traditionally, an analog chest drainage system was used for assessment of the postoperative air leak. However, the traditional chest drainage system has several limitations. On the one hand, it measures air leak in a subjective manner by observing bubbling in the water chamber, thus interobserver disagreement is frequent, and small air leaks are difficult to determine. On the other hand, the suction pressure of the traditional chest drainage system may deviate from the set level due to the position of the water chamber. Recently, a digital chest drainage system has been developed to solve these problems, which uses digital sensors to monitor air flow and pleural pressure continuously [5]. With the digital chest drainage system, the pleural pressure can be constantly maintained by physicians independent of the device position, and postoperative air leak can be evaluated objectively. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies have compared the efficacy of digital chest drainage system versus traditional chest drainage system. However, no meta-analysis has been conducted to pool the results of these clinical trials so far.
A meta-analysis and systematic review was performed to compare the efficacy of digital chest drainage system with traditional chest drainage system.
Materials and methods
Eligibility criteria
The inclusion criteria of literatures in the present meta-analysis were (i) observational studies or randomized trials, (ii) adults (≥18 years) undergoing pulmonary resection (including lobectomy, segmentectomy, and wedge resection), (iii) studies comparing digital chest drainage system with traditional chest drainage system, (iv) end points included prolonged air leak (defined as air leak duration ≥5 days), duration of chest drainage and length of hospital stay. The exclusion criteria were: (i) case reports or review articles, (ii) articles written in non-English language.
Search strategy
A literature search was conducted using the Web of Science and Pubmed to identify relevant literatures published through January 2018. The search term used was “digital thoracic drainage”. Two authors (H Wang, W Hu) independently applied the eligibility criteria to screen the literature search results, and the reference lists of the included literatures were screened again for more potential studies. Any divergence was resolved by a third reviewer (Y Zhang).
Data abstraction and quality assessment
Data abstraction and quality assessment were conducted using methods described previously [6]. Briefly, two authors (H Wang, W Hu) independently extracted the data and evaluated the quality of the included studies. Any divergence was resolved by a third reviewer (Y Zhang). The following data was obtained from each study: author, nationality, publication time, number of patients in each study group, study design, baseline characteristics and clinical end points. Two authors evaluated the quality of the included literatures independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was applied to assess the quality of observational studies (http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp). The following 3 aspects of an observational study were evaluated using Newcastle-Ottawa scale: (1) the selection of the study cohort (or cases/controls), (2) the comparability of the cohorts (or cases/controls) and (3) the outcome assessment for a cohort study, or the determination of the exposure for a case-control study. The Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of randomized trials [7]. The following aspects of a randomized study were evaluated by the Jadad scale: randomization, double blinding, withdrawals and dropouts. A study was considered as high-quality if its score ≥ 3. The present meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines [8].
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was performed according to previously described methods [6]. Briefly, we use Review Manager 5.2 (RevMan 5.2®, Nordic Cochrane Center and Copenhagen, Denmark) to conduct the meta-analysis. We calculated Risk ratios (RRs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Mantel–Haenszel method in order to compare the risk of prolonged air leak between digital chest drainage system and traditional chest drainage system. To investigate continuous measures (duration of chest drainage and length of hospital stay), we calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95%CI using the Inverse Variance method. Forest graphs were applied to present the meta-analysis results. The statistical heterogeneity of included literatures was assessed by I2 statistic. I2 values ≤50%, 50–74 and ≥ 75% indicate low, moderate and high heterogeneity [9]. A fixed-effects model was chosen to perform the meta-analysis when the I2 value was ≤50%. A random-effects model was chosen when the I2 value was > 50%. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Description of the included studies
There were 80 articles identified through the literature search process. Among the 80 articles, 60 articles were excluded as not being relevant. The remaining 20 studies were assessed for eligibility, and 8 studies (5 randomized control trails and 3 observational studies) [10–17] comprising 1487 patients met our eligibility criteria and were included in this meta-analysis (Fig. 1). Among the 1487 patients, digital chest drainage systems were used in 720 patients, and traditional chest drainage systems were used in 767 patients. The characteristics of the studies included are shown in Table 1. The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 2.
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of the article selection process in this meta-analysis
Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies
| Studies | Year | Country | Number of patients | Study design | Study quality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digital | Traditional | |||||
| Takamochi | 2017 | Japan | 135 | 164 | RCT | High (5) |
| Waele | 2017 | Canada | 53 | 50 | RCT | High (5) |
| Miller | 2016 | USA | 20 | 40 | POS | S3; C1; O3 |
| Shoji | 2016 | Japan | 112 | 121 | ROS | S3; C1; O3 |
| Filosso | 2015 | Italy | 40 | 40 | POS | S3; C1; O3 |
| Gilbert | 2015 | Canada | 87 | 85 | RCT | High (5) |
| Pompili | 2014 | International | 191 | 190 | RCT | High (5) |
| Brunelli | 2009 | Italy | 82 | 77 | RCT | High (4) |
RCT randomized control trial, ROS retrospective observational study, POS prospective observational study
Table 2.
The baseline characteristics of the patients
| Studies | Male (%) | Age (years) | VATS (%) | Lobectomy (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digital | Traditional | Digital | Traditional | Digital | Traditional | Digital | Traditional | |
| Takamochi 2017 | 51.8 | 48.7 | 66.6 ± 12.6 | 67.9 ± 10.9 | NA | NA | 77 | 81.1 |
| Waele 2017 | 48.1 | 51.9 | 68.5 ± 10.3 | 64.8 ± 10.6 | 56.2 | 43.8 | 50.8 | 49.2 |
| Miller 2016 | 55 | 60 | 63 (48–77) | 63 (52–79) | 100 | 100 | 85 | 85 |
| Shoji 2016 | 69 | 86 | 67 (20–88) | 65 (19–87) | NA | NA | 66 | 62 |
| Filosso 2015 | 60 | 60 | 69 ± 7.9 | 67 ± 8.3 | NA | NA | 80 | 78 |
| Gilbert 2015 | 36.5 | 36.8 | 68 (60–72) | 68 (60–75) | 73.6 | 70.6 | 70.1 | 83.5 |
| Pompili 2014 | 49 | 55 | 66.5 ± 12.1 | 65.9 ± 10.2 | 82 | 80 | 83 | 88 |
| Brunelli 2009 | 70 | 77 | 66.1 ± 12.8 | 67.3 ± 8.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
VATS video-assisted thoracic surgery, NA not available
Prolonged air leak
Five studies evaluated the incidence of prolonged air leak [11, 12, 14, 16, 17]. Digital chest drainage system significantly reduced the risk of prolonged air leak compared with traditional chest drainage system (RR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.40–0.73, p < 0.0001; Fig. 2). No significant heterogeneity was observed in the pooled group of studies (I2 = 48%, Chi2 = 7.66, p = 0.10; Fig. 2). Among the five studies, four studies were randomized control trials [11, 12, 16, 17], in this subgroup, the risk of prolonged air leak was still lower in digital group than in traditional group (RR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.43–0.82, p = 0.002). One study was observational study [14], which the risk of prolonged air leak was also lower in digital group than in traditional group (RR = 0.33, 95%CI 0.15–0.75, p = 0.008).
Fig. 2.
Forest graph presenting prolonged air leak. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval
Duration of chest drainage
Eight studies reported the duration of chest drainage [10–17]. Among the 8 studies, two studies presented the data in a mean ± standard deviation form [11, 14], and meta-analysis of these two studies suggested that digital chest drainage system significantly reduced the duration of chest drainage compared with traditional chest drainage system (SMD = − 0.35, 95%CI -0.60 - -0.09, p = 0.008; Fig. 3). The mean or median duration of chest drainage in the 8 studies were summarized in Table 3.
Fig. 3.
Forest graph presenting duration of chest drainage. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval
Table 3.
Duration of chest drainage and hospital stay
| Studies | Duration of chest drainage (days), digital vs traditional | Length of hospital stay (days), digital vs traditional |
|---|---|---|
| Takamochi 2017 b | 2.0 vs 3.0, p = 0.149 | 6.0 vs 7.0, p = 0.548 |
| Waele 2017a | 2.3 vs 2.5, p = 0.055 | 4.8 vs 4.9, p = 0.403 |
| Miller 2016 b | 3.7 vs 5.3, p = 0.01 | 4.1 vs 5.6, p = 0.05 |
| Shoji 2016 a | 2.7 vs 3.7, p = 0.004 | NA |
| Filosso 2015 a | 3 vs 4, p = 0.0009 | 7 vs 8, p = 0.0385 |
| Gilbert 2015 b | 4.9 vs 5.6, p = 0.11 | 6.0 vs 6.0, p = 0.36 |
| Pompili 2014 a | 3.7 vs 4.7, p = 0.001 | 4.6 vs 5.6, p < 0.0001 |
| Brunelli 2009 a | 4.0 vs 4.9, p = 0.0007 | 5.4 vs 6.3, p = 0.007 |
NA not available
amean
bmedian
Length of hospital stay
Seven studies reported the length of hospital stay [11–17]. Among the 7 studies, two studies presented the data in a mean ± standard deviation form [11, 14], and meta-analysis of these two studies suggested that digital chest drainage system significantly reduced the length of hospital stay compared with traditional chest drainage system (SMD = − 0.35, 95%CI -0.61 - -0.09, p = 0.007; Fig. 4). The mean or median length of hospital stay in the 7 studies were summarized in Table 3.
Fig. 4.
Forest graph presenting length of hospital stay. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval
Discussion
In the present meta-analysis and systematic review, we found that compared to traditional chest drainage system, digital chest drainage system reduced the risk of incidence of prolonged air leak, and shortened the duration of chest drainage and length of hospital stay in patients after pulmonary resection.
PAL remains a common complication after pulmonary resection. Several studies had shown that PAL was associated with longer hospital stay and more hospital costs [18, 19]. It was also suggested that PAL was associated with an increased rate of postoperative morbidity, such as empyema, fever and pneumonia [20]. The risk of PAL can be predicted by several preoperative and intraoperative factors such as a low predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (ppoFEV1), pleural adhesions and upper lobectomy [20]. Besides, improvement in postoperative chest drainage system is an important approach to reduce PAL rate and accelerate the recovery.
There are several advantages of digital chest drainage system in management of patients after pulmonary resection. First of all, the digital system can regulate its suction pressure according to the condition in the pleural cavity, and the pleural pressure can be maintained at a preset level within 0.1 cmH2O. It had been shown that wide oscillation in early postoperative pleural pressure was associated with a higher incidence of PAL [21]. Thus, the digital chest drainage system may promote the sealing of air leaks by stabilizing the pleural pressure with minimal oscillation. Second, the digital system measures the extent of air leak objectively, and the historical data can be exported and reviewed. Thus, the digital chest drainage system reduces the interobserver variability, and helps medical personnel decide when to remove the chest tube more accurately. It had been proved by several clinical trials that digital chest drainage system not only reduced interobserver variability between different groups of medical staffs (surgeons, residents and nurses) [22], but also between surgeons with comparable experience [23]. The reduced interobserver variability leads to shorter duration of chest drainage and length of hospital stay. Furthermore, the digital system facilitates an early patient mobilization and improves postoperative physiotherapy, which can reduce the risk of secretion and pneumonia, and facilitates pulmonary re-expansion [14]. Finally, the digital device such as the Thopaz chest drain system (Medela Switzerland) can serve as a portable suction unit, and patients can be discharged earlier with this system [24].
Since the traditional chest drainage system is subjective and inaccurate in judging air leak, there is risk of removing the chest tube prematurely. In that situation, chest tube reinsertion is needed. A clamping test had traditionally been taken to prevent this error. It had been suggested by Takamochi et al. that over 50% patients underwent clamping test before removing the chest tube in the traditional group, while none clamping test was taken in the digital group [17]. It had also been shown by Gilbert et al. that chest tube reinsertions for worsening pneumothorax or subcutaneous emphysema after chest tube removal occurred only in the traditional group, none chest tube reinsertion happened in the digital group [13].
Some clinicians hypothesized that the intermittent suction pressure provided by the digital system may reduce the pressure gradient for fluid filtration across the pleural membrane and lighten the inflammatory response. However, the study conducted by Waele et al. did not find such effect [16].
Apart from objective outcomes, subjective outcome (such as patient satisfaction) is also important in evaluating chest drainage system. The multicenter study conducted by Pompili et al. evaluated the patient satisfaction with digital chest drainage system, and the result suggested that patients in the digital group had a more positive perception of the chest drainage, which was associated the comfort, portability and convenience of the digital system [12].
Recently, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials conducted by Zhou et al. suggested that digital chest drainage following pulmonary surgery reduced the duration of chest tube placement, length of hospital stay, air leak duration and postoperative cost [25]. Compared to their study, the present systematic review focused on patients after pulmonary resection, and obtained similar results. Another recent study discussed the postoperative air leak pattern in lung cancer patients after pulmonary resection with the help of digital chest drainage system, which suggested that the detailed air leak pattern can be used to predict the duration of air leakage and chest tube drainage [26].
Conclusion
The present systematic review shows that digital chest drainage system is expected to benefit patients to attain faster recovery and higher life quality as well as to reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Further RCTs with larger sample size are still needed to more clearly elucidate the advantages of digital chest drainage system.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81670350).
Availability of data and materials
Please contact author for data requests.
Abbreviations
- CI
Confidence interval
- PAL
Prolonged air leak
- ppoFEV1
Predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume
- RCT
Randomized controlled trial
- RR
Risk ratio
- SMD
Standardized mean difference
Authors’ contributions
(I) Conception and design: YZ; (II) Administrative support: LM, YZ; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: HW, WH; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: HW, WH; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Hong Wang, Email: 6411910100@qq.com.
Wenbin Hu, Email: kyhuwenbin@163.com.
Liang Ma, Email: ml1402@zju.edu.cn.
Yiran Zhang, Phone: 86-571-87236841, Email: zhangyr@zju.edu.cn.
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Data Availability Statement
Please contact author for data requests.