Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Evaluating the Risk of Fracture in Kidney Transplant According to the Design and Comparator Group
| First author, year of publication, and study country | Sample size | White (%) | Age, years (mean) | Female (%) | Mean follow‐up (years) | Mean follow‐up post fracture (years) | Hip fracture | Vertebral fracture | Overall fracture | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross‐sectional study, kidney transplant versus no comparator | ||||||||||
| Braga 2006, Brazil24 | 191 | NR | 44.8 | 50.8 | NR | NA | √ | √ | Critical | |
| Durieux 2002, France25 | 59 | 71.0 | 49.6 | 45.8 | 8.5 | NA | √ | √ | Critical | |
| Patel 2001, United Kingdom26 | 165 | 90.0 | 47.0 | 42.4 | NR | NA | √ | Critical | ||
| Nam 2000, Korea27 | 166 | NR | 40.0 | 34.3 | NR | NA | √ | Critical | ||
| Nisbeth 1999, Sweden28 | 193 | NR | 50.9 | 39.9 | NR | NA | √ | √ | Critical | |
| Grotz 1994, Germany29 | 100 | NR | 44.0 | 46.0 | NR | NA | √ | Critical | ||
| Retrospective cohort study, kidney transplant versus no comparator | ||||||||||
| Ferro 2015, United Kingdom30 | 21,769 | 71.1 | NR | 38.7 | 5.7 | NR | √ | √ | Critical | |
| Nair 2014, United States18 | 69,740 | 56.9 | 50.5 | 39.0 | 2.2 | 1 b | √ | Moderate | ||
| Nikkel 2012, United States31 | 77,430 | 65.8 | 48.8 | 39.7 | 3.9 | NA | √ | Critical | ||
| Opelz 2011, multinational32 | 20,509 | 86.9 | 47.9 | 38.4 | 5.0b | NA | √ | Critical | ||
| Nikkel 2009, United States33 | 68,814 | 73.8 | 43.7 | 39.7 | 5.0b | NR | √ | Critical | ||
| O'Shaughnessy 2002, United States34 | 1572 | NR | NR | 41.2 | 6.5 | NR | √ | √ | √ | Critical |
| Prospective cohort study, kidney transplant versus no comparator | ||||||||||
| Ramsey‐Goldman 1999, United States35 | 432 | 54.0 | 41.3 | 40.0 | 2.1 | NA | √ | Critical | ||
| Elmstedt 1981, Sweden36 | 204 | NR | NR | 42.7 | 6.2 | NA | √ | Critical | ||
| Retrospective cohort study, kidney transplant versus general population | ||||||||||
| Naylor 2016, a Canada37 | 4821 | NR | 49.3 | 36.9 | 2.9 | NR | √ | √ | Moderate | |
| Vautour 2004, United States38 | 86 | 92.0 | 38.3 | 31.4 | 10.6 | NR | √ | √ | Serious | |
| Abbot 2001, United States39 | 33,479 | 75.6 | 42.9 | 39.8 | 1.7 | NR | √ | Moderate | ||
| Retrospective cohort study, kidney transplant versus dialysis | ||||||||||
| Ball 2002, United States19 | 101,039 | 63.20 | 40.6 | 40.60 | 3.0 | NR | √ | Moderate | ||
NR = Not Reported; NA = Not Applicable; √ = This type of fracture risk was assessed in the study.
a
Also compared fracture risk in KT to non‐dialysis CKD.
b
Total follow‐up time.