. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 20.

Published in final edited form as: Lancet Public Health. 2018 Aug 17;3(9):e419–e428. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30135-X

Table 3:

Association between diets that substitute carbohydrates for animal-based or plant-based protein and fat with mortality in multiple cohort studies

Study		HR (95% CI)
Substitution of carbohydrate for animal protein and fat
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	Fung et al⁹ (HPFS)	1.31 (1.19–1.44)
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	Fung et al⁹ (NHS)	1.17 (1.08–1.26)
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	ARIC	1.20 (1.09–1.32)
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	Combined low-to-moderate cohorts	1.22 (1.14–1.31)
Moderate-to-high carbohydrate consumption	Nakamura et al²⁴	1.00 (0.87–1.19)
Meta-analysis (pooled result)	..	1.18 (1.08–1.29); p<0.0001
Substitution of carbohydrate for plant protein and fat
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	Fung et al⁹ (HPFS)	0.81 (0.74–0.89)
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	Fung et al⁹ (NHS)	0.79 (0.73–0.85)
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	ARIC	0.86 (0.75–0.99)
Low-to-moderate carbohydrate consumption	Combined low-to-moderate cohorts	0.81 (0.76–0.85)
Moderate-to-high carbohydrate consumption	Nakamura et al²⁴	0.92 (0.80–1.09)
Meta-analysis (pooled result)	..	0.82 (0.78–0.87); p<0.0001

Data are for 154 344 participants and 30 959 deaths. HR=hazard ratio. HPFS=Health Professionals Follow-up Study. NHS=Nurses Health Study. ARIC=Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities.