Table 2.
Univariate Modelsa | Multivariable Adjusted Modelb | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strategy | Implementation Level | County-months | Rx OAs dispensed | IRR | 95% CI | CLR | IRR | 95% CI | CLR |
Diversion Control | None | 4971 | 23,512,894 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
Any | 2229 | 17,848,868 | 1.15 | 1.12, 1.17 | 1.044 | 1.06 | 1.03, 1.09 | 1.056 | |
Naloxone Policies | None | 6216 | 34,103,605 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
Any | 984 | 7,258,157 | 1.08 | 1.06, 1.11 | 1.038 | 0.97 | 0.95, 0.99 | 1.048 | |
Community Education | None | 5969 | 30,353,079 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
Any | 1231 | 11,008,683 | 1.11 | 1.09, 1.13 | 1.042 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 1.058 | |
Provider Education | None | 4962 | 25,608,213 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
Any | 2238 | 15,753,549 | 1.13 | 1.10, 1.15 | 1.042 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 1.060 | |
Support for Patients with Pain | None | 6684 | 34,023,002 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
Any | 516 | 7,338,760 | 1.08 | 1.06, 1.10 | 1.029 | 0.96 | 0.93, 1.00 | 1.069 | |
Hospital ED Policy | None | 5485 | 29,009,970 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
Any | 1715 | 12,351,792 | 1.11 | 1.08, 1.13 | 1.047 | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.01 | 1.055 | |
Addiction Treatment | None | 1559 | 13,442,436 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
Any | 5641 | 27,919,326 | 1.16 | 1.11, 1.20 | 1.085 | 1.04 | 0.99, 1.08 | 1.090 |
IRR incidence rate ratio, CI confidence interval, CLR confidence limit ratio, ED Emergency Department
Results from Poisson GEE with county-month population offset
aUnivariate unadjusted models for each strategy
bAdjusted multivariable model adjusts for the other six strategies, county health status, year and season