Skip to main content
. 2019 Jan 14;9:3077. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03077

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Innate immune signals (“danger signals”) triggered by RT. RT induces the release and activation of multiple different inflammatory mediators from injured cells including complement, heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), cytosolic DNA, calreticulin, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These molecules are sensed by innate immune cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING), CD47 and NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3). Once sensed these receptors send signals via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) leading to downstream cytokine production and subsequent inflammation.