Table 1.
Summary statistics from literature review of pharmacokinetic studies
| Drug | Amoxicillin | Piperacillin | Meropenem | Clavulanic acid | Tazobactam |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | 23 | 54 | 53 | 6 | 31 |
| By age (neonates/children/adults) | 7/4/13 | 3/8/47 | 3/8/43 | 0/3/3 | 3/5/23 |
| By setting (healthy/hospital/ITU) | 9/5/10 | 9/20/29 | 7/15/32 | 1/2/3 | 4/14/13 |
| Haemodialysis/filtration | 1 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 4 |
| Median number of participants | 13 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 12 |
| Age range (postmenstrual age) | 29 weeks to 82 years | 25 weeks to 71 years | 27 weeks to 76 years | 2.6–62 years | 30 weeks to 71 years |
| Weight range, kg | 1.1–79.4 | 0.9–164.0 | 0.9–200.4 | 14.4–75.0 | 1.4–161.0 |
| Mean drug clearance (all ages), l h –1 70 kg –1 (range) | 10.9 (1.3–22.4) | 10.6 (1.9–22.4) | 10.0 (1.0–24.1) | 13.9 (8.9–17.9) | 8.9 (2.1–25.2) |
| Mean clearance values (adults) by setting l h –1 70 kg –1 (standard deviation) | |||||
| Healthy volunteer | 13.5 (4.6) | 11.3 (3.8) | 11.8 (2.4) | 16.1 (−) | 10.0 (4.9) |
| Hospital inpatient | 11.3 (9.4) | 13.5 (4.2) | 10.8 (4.2) | – | 12.3 (6.8) |
| Critically ill | 10.7 (1.7) | 11.3 (5.3) | 11.0 (4.5) | 11.0 (3.0) | 10.5 (4.9) |
| Mean volume of distribution (all ages), l 70 kg –1 (range) | 28.9 (10.7–53.5) | 25.0 (9.8–203.7) | 23.8 (8.8–50.4) | 23.9 (21.0–30.4) | 23.6 (9.1–63.0) |
| Mean volume of distribution (adults) by setting l 70 kg –1 (standard deviation) | |||||
| Healthy volunteer | 22.3 (9.3) | 13.4 (4.8) | 16.1 (2.9) | 23.1 (−) | 23.9 (26.1) |
| Hospital inpatient | 18.3 (3.1) | 20.4 (4.7) P = 0.04 | 22.0 (10.0) | – | 21.0 (5.7) |
| Critically ill | 22.2 (4.7) | 25.3 (9.9) P < 0.001 | 26.2 (8.2) P = 0.02 | 21.1 (0.2) | 27.2 (9.6) |
| Summary of product characteristics 164, 169, 170 | |||||
| Clearance (l h –1 ) | 25 | 10–17 | 17 | Not published in SPC | |
| Volume of distribution (l) | 21–28 | 17 | 17.5 | ||
Note that some studies included multiple age groups or clinical settings. Analysis of variance undertaken on clearance and volume of distribution values by setting in adults. Healthy volunteer used as reference. Only P‐values <0.05 are shown. Comparison is not possible in other age groups as healthy volunteer studies were not found. Studies in haemodialysis settings were excluded from the analysis of clearance data. ITU, intensive care unit; SPC, summary of product characteristics