Figure 3.

The combined effect of smoking over lifetime and intensity of drinking on arterial stiffness. The combination of high-intensity drinking with lifetime smoking exposure is shown. Pulse wave velocity measurements are expressed as mean values and 95% confidence intervals around the mean on the x-axis. The participants who had ‘high’ drinking intensity and ‘high’ smoking exposure had the highest pulse wave velocity compared with the ‘low lifetime smoking exposure’ and ‘low drinking intensity’. *P < 0.05.