Fig. 4.

Larval locomotion is disrupted in the cac^exon7Δ mutant. Third instar larvae were allowed to crawl across plain agar plates and the total distance traveled in 5 min was measured. (A) The total distance crawled in 5 min was significantly reduced in the cac^exon7Δ mutant in both male (N=53 for controls and N=38 for mutants) and female (N=8 for controls and N=10 for mutants) larvae (two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's multiple comparisons test, F₂₁₀₅=31.0; *P<0.05, ****P<0.0001). (B) Restoration of crawling in male larvae by expression of cacophony in motor neurons. The distance crawled by the cac^exon7Δ mutants (N=38) was significantly reduced compared with controls (N=53) and was significantly increased by the presence of a genomic duplication (Dp^DC131; N=32) or by expressing cacophony in motor neurons using either the D42 (N=32) or OK6 (N=20) GAL4 drivers. No significant increase was seen with a cholinergic driver (Cha-GAL4; N=17) and a significant rescue was seen using the R75CO3 driver (N=19). One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test; F_6,204=15.3; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001. (C) The frequency of peristaltic waves in male larvae was significantly reduced in cac^exon7Δ mutants (N=9) compared with controls (N=19) and was significantly increased by the presence of a genomic duplication (Dp^DC131) (N=10) or by expressing cacophony in motor neurons using the D42 GAL4 driver (N=10). One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test; F_3,44=13.9; ****P<0.0001.