Table 2.

Summary of published chemoprophylactic and chemotherapeutic studies against N. caninum infection in farm ruminants.

Drug		Experimental Design			Main Results	References
Class	Compounds	Animal	Infection	Treatment
Polyether ionophore antibiotics	Monensin	Non-pregnant dairy cows (n=27)	5x106 Nc-1 tachyzoites SC	335 mg/day, bolus PO. From 21 days before challenge until 3 months pi	Lower humoral immune response on week 4 pi	[101]
Quinolones	Decoquinate	1.5-months pregnant heifers (n=77)	Chronically infected or primo-infected heifers	2 mg/kg PO from 1.5 until 8 months of pregnancy	Tendency to reduce abortions (44% in chronically infected heifers and 64% in primo-infected heifers) and infection in calves at birth (25% in chronically infected heifers and 40% in primo-infected heifers)	[126]
Triazinones	Ponazuril	Calves (n=19)	1x108 IV and 1x108 SC Nc-1 tachyzoites	20 mg/kg PO, applied 24 hours pi once or six consecutive days	Reduction of symptoms, lower antibody response and abrogation of parasite detection in organs	[142]
	Toltrazuril	Calves (n=72)	Congenitally infected calves	20 mg/kg PO, three times, every second day, within 7 days after birth	Strong antibody reactivity four to six months after birth	[140]
		Lambs (n=38)	Congenitally infected lambs	20 mg/kg PO on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 after birth	Lower antibody levels, but no reduction of presence or severity of histopathological lesions	[141]
Triazinones + Folate inhibitors	Toltrazuril + Sulphadiazine and Trimethoprim	Dairy cows (n=936)	Field conditions: high abortion rate herds	Toltrazuril 20 mg/kg/day IV for 3 consecutive days to newborn calves during the first week. Sulphadiazine/trimethoprim at 20 mg/kg IV once a year from 3 months of age	Reduction of abortions (from 188 to 9)	[111]

PO: per os. Oral administration.

SC: subcutaneously.

IV: intravenously.

pi: post-infection.