Fig. (2).

Normalization of cancer by actively patterning environments.

(A) Cancer cells introduced into embryonic environments are able to participate in normal development and contribute to healthy organs [104, 130]. (B) Similarly, tumors induced on limbs of regenerative species become normalized if the process of regeneration is induced [131-134]. These examples reveal that at least in some cases, cancer is not irrevocable cell-autonomous damage but a reversible network disorder – an error of communication and geometry [135]. Images courtesy of Jeremy Guay of Peregrine Creative.