ER stress inducers reduced cell viability in both TM cells and TMSCs. Cells were incubated with ER stress inducers TUN, BreA, or Thap for 24, 48, or 72 hours and stained with Annexin V and 7-AAD followed by flow cytometry analysis. Live cells are both Annexin V– and 7-AAD–negative stained. y-axis indicates percentage of live cells compared with no treatment controls at the same time points. TUN and BreA dramatically reduced cell viability at 48 and 72 hours in both TMSCs and TM cells. Data presented as means ± SEM (n ≥ 3). *Treated cells versus DMSO controls; #TMSCs versus TM cells. */#P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.