Fig. 2.

Mean change in metabolic measures between 16 and 36 weeks of gestation in obese pregnant women receiving standard antenatal care (n = 577). Mean increase in standard deviation units for all metabolites that (a, b) increase or (c) decrease across pregnancy. a Mean increase in all (extremely large, very large, large, medium, small and very small) VLDL particle concentrations; all IDL particle concentrations; all (large, medium and small) LDL particle concentrations. b Mean increase in some (those that increased across pregnancy; very large, large, medium and small) HDL particle concentrations; most cholesterols; all glycerides and phospholipids; both apolipoproteins; all glycolysis-related metabolites; those amino acids, ketone bodies, fluid balance and inflammatory markers that increased across pregnancy. c Mean decrease in most (large, medium and small) HDL particle concentrations; HDL cholesterol; degree of unsaturation of fatty acids, the percentage of total fatty acids that were docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3, omega-6, and polyunsaturated fatty acids; some amino acids; glycerol; and albumin. Circles are the mean change in SD units for each metabolic measure between 16 and 36 weeks’ gestation, with the horizontal lines representing the 95% CIs for this change. Numeric results of the absolute change between 16 and 36 weeks’ gestation for each trait in SD and original units for control women only are shown in Additional file 1: Table S3. The mean value of each trait at 16 weeks and rate of change per 4 weeks between 16 and 36 weeks’ gestation for all women (n = 1158), with adjustment for randomised group, are shown in Additional file 1: Table S4. HDL high-density lipoprotein, IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation, VLDL very low-density lipoprotein