Table 2.
Effect of the UPBEAT diet and physical activity lifestyle intervention on selecteda metabolic traits; n = 1158
| Difference in mean rate of change in metabolic traits per 4 weeks of gestation between 16 and 36 weeks comparing women receiving intervention to control group (95% confidence intervals)b | ||
|---|---|---|
| In original units (see first column) per 4 weeks, median (IQR) | In SD units per 4 weeks,c median (IQR) | |
| Extremely large VLDL | ||
| Concentration of chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL particles, mol/L | – 5.430 × 10– 12 (– 8.323 × 10– 12 to – 2.537 × 10– 12) | – 0.041 (– 0.065 to – 0.018) |
| Total lipids in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.001 (– 0.002 to – 5.322 × 10– 4) | – 0.041 (– 0.064 to – 0.018) |
| Phospholipids in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL, mmol/L | – 1.457 × 10– 4 (– 2.287 × 10– 4 to – 6.274 × 10– 5) | – 0.038 (– 0.061 to – 0.015) |
| Total cholesterol in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL, mmol/L | – 1.623 × 10– 4 (– 2.725 × 10– 4 to – 5.212 × 10– 5) | – 0.032 (– 0.055 to – 0.009) |
| Cholesterol esters in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL, mmol/L | – 6.952 × 10– 5 (– 1.289 × 10– 4 to – 1.015 × 10– 5) | – 0.025 (– 0.049 to – 0.002) |
| Free cholesterol in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL, mmol/L | – 9.276 × 10– 5 (– 1.468 × 10– 4 to – 3.868 × 10– 5) | – 0.037 (– 0.059 to – 0.014) |
| Triglycerides in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL, mmol/L | – 8.450 × 10– 4 (– 0.001 to – 4.077 × 10– 4) | – 0.043 (– 0.066 to – 0.020) |
| Very large VLDL | ||
| Concentration of very large VLDL particles, mol/L | – 2.919 × 10– 11 (– 4.656 × 10– 11 to – 1.183 × 10– 11) | – 0.033 (– 0.054 to – 0.012) |
| Total lipids in very large VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.003 (– 0.005 to – 0.001) | – 0.033 (– 0.054 to – 0.012) |
| Phospholipids in very large VLDL, mmol/L | – 4.618 × 10– 4 (– 7.453 × 10– 4 to – 1.782 × 10– 4) | – 0.032 (– 0.053 to – 0.011) |
| Total cholesterol in very large VLDL, mmol/L | – 4.869 × 10– 4 (– 8.058 × 10– 4 to – 1.681 × 10– 4) | – 0.031 (– 0.052 to – 0.009) |
| Cholesterol esters in very large VLDL, mmol/L | – 2.409 × 10– 4 (– 4.085 × 10– 4 to – 7.328 × 10– 5) | – 0.029 (– 0.051 to – 0.007) |
| Free cholesterol in very large VLDL, mmol/L | – 2.459 × 10– 4 (– 3.986 × 10– 4 to – 9.316 × 10– 5) | – 0.032 (– 0.054 to – 0.010) |
| Triglycerides in very large VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.002 (– 0.003 to – 7.781 × 10– 4) | – 0.034 (– 0.055 to – 0.012) |
| Large VLDL | ||
| Concentration of large VLDL particles, mol/L | – 1.436 × 10– 10 (– 2.419 × 10– 10 to – 4.524 × 10– 11) | – 0.028 (– 0.049 to – 0.008) |
| Total lipids in large VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.008 (– 0.014 to – 0.003) | – 0.028 (– 0.049 to – 0.007) |
| Phospholipids in large VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.001 (– 0.003 to – 4.202 × 10– 4) | – 0.027 (– 0.048 to – 0.006) |
| Total cholesterol in large VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.002 (– 0.003 to – 3.658 × 10– 4) | – 0.025 (– 0.046 to – 0.004) |
| Cholesterol esters in large VLDL, mmol/L | – 6.322 × 10– 4 (– 0.001 to – 4.684 × 10– 5) | – 0.021 (– 0.042 to 5.042 × 10– 4) |
| Free cholesterol in large VLDL, mmol/L | – 9.788 × 10– 4 (– 0.002 to – 3.053 × 10– 4) | – 0.028 (– 0.049 to – 0.007) |
| Triglycerides in large VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.005 (– 0.009 to – 0.002) | – 0.029 (– 0.050 to – 0.009) |
| Medium VLDL | ||
| Concentration of medium VLDL particles, mol/L | – 2.706 × 10– 10 (– 5.176 × 10– 10 to – 2.363 × 10– 11) | – 0.020 (– 0.041 to 4.479 × 10– 4) |
| Total lipids in medium VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.009 (– 0.017 to – 5.203 × 10– 4) | – 0.020 (– 0.040 to 0.001) |
| Phospholipids in medium VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.002 (– 0.003 to 2.571 × 10– 5) | – 0.018 (– 0.038 to 0.003) |
| Total cholesterol in medium VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.001 (– 0.004 to 6.072 × 10– 4) | – 0.012 (– 0.034 to 0.009) |
| Cholesterol esters in medium VLDL, mmol/L | – 3.934 × 10– 4 (– 0.001 to 6.747 × 10– 4) | – 0.006 (– 0.028 to 0.017) |
| Free cholesterol in medium VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.001 (– 0.002 to – 5.763 × 10– 6) | – 0.018 (– 0.039 to 0.002) |
| Triglycerides in medium VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.006 (– 0.010 to – 0.001) | – 0.023 (– 0.043 to – 0.002) |
| Other lipids, lipoproteins affected by the intervention | ||
| Triglycerides in very large HDL, mmol/L | – 2.479 × 10– 4 (– 4.714 × 10– 4 to – 2.436 × 10– 5) | – 0.024 (– 0.046 to – 0.001) |
| Phospholipids in small HDL, mmol/L | – 0.002 (– 0.004 to – 1.363 × 10– 4) | – 0.022 (– 0.042 to – 0.001) |
| Mean diameter for VLDL particles, nm | – 0.031 (– 0.054 to – 0.008) | – 0.027 (– 0.048 to – 0.007) |
| Serum total triglycerides, mol/L | – 0.015 (– 0.031 to 8.645 × 10– 4) | – 0.017 (– 0.038 to 0.003) |
| Triglycerides in VLDL, mmol/L | – 0.015 (– 0.028 to – 0.002) | – 0.022 (– 0.042 to – 0.001) |
| Ratio of triglycerides to phosphoglycerides | – 0.005 (– 0.009 to – 6.198 × 10– 4) | – 0.022 (– 0.042 to – 0.001) |
| Estimated degree of unsaturation | 0.001 (1.229 × 10– 4 to 0.002) | 0.027 (0.006 to 0.048) |
| Ratio of 18:2 linoleic acid to total fatty acids, % | 0.069 (0.013 to 0.126) | 0.028 (0.007 to 0.049) |
| Ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to total fatty acids, % | 0.077 (0.023 to 0.131) | 0.031 (0.011 to 0.051) |
| Ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids, % | 0.079 (0.020 to 0.138) | 0.028 (0.009 to 0.047) |
| Ratio of saturated fatty acids to total fatty acids, % | – 0.049 (– 0.083 to – 0.015) | – 0.035 (– 0.058 to – 0.012) |
| Other traits affected by the intervention | ||
| Lactate, mmol/L | – 0.017 (– 0.027 to – 0.006) | – 0.037 (– 0.061 to – 0.013) |
| Pyruvate, mmol/L | – 0.002 (– 0.003 to – 6.028 × 10– 4) | – 0.039 (– 0.064 to – 0.014) |
| Alanine, mmol/L | – 0.001 (– 0.002 to – 2.708 × 10– 5) | – 0.024 (– 0.050 to 0.002) |
| Acetate, mmol/L | 3.081 × 10– 4 (7.541 × 10– 5 to 5.408 × 10– 4) | 0.035 (0.009 to 0.062) |
aResults are the difference in mean rate of change of each trait in original units (2nd column) and SD units (third column) per 4-weeks of gestation between 16 and 36 weeks for selected metabolic traits where p < 0.05 after correction for multiple comparisons or because they are within the same broad group of metabolites and/or have similar magnitudes of associations (point estimates) as other metabolites with smaller p values. Complete results for all traits assessed in their original units, together with exact p values, are shown in Additional file 1: Table S5 and in SD units in Fig. 3 in the main paper
b95% CIs are exact and not adjusted for multiple testing
cSD units are based on the standard deviation values for each metabolite in the control group of women
HDL high-density lipoprotein, IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein, IQR interquartile range, LDL low-density lipoprotein, n number, VLDL very low-density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation