Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics by sleep duration.
| Characteristics | Sleep duration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very short, <5 h (n = 117, 9.3%) | Short, 5 – 6.9 h (n = 629, 50.0%) | Normal, 7 – 8 h (n = 429, 34.1%) | Long, >8 h (n = 83, 6.6%) | P | |
| Age, years | 66.6 (8.5) | 64.2 (9.1) | 64.1 (9.1) | 67.3 (9.4) | 0.001 |
| Gender, Female, % | 72 (61.5) | 320 (50.9) | 202 (47.1) | 46 (55.4) | 0.04 |
| Ethnicity, Malay, % | 40 (34.2) | 244 (38.8) | 99 (23.1) | 20 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Above primary school education, % | 35 (29.9) | 251 (39.9) | 191 (44.5) | 24 (28.9) | 0.01 |
| Current smoking, % | 13 (11.1) | 80 (12.7) | 44 (10.3) | 10 (12.0) | 0.67 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 24 (20.5) | 116 (18.4) | 70 (16.3) | 20 (24.1) | 0.34 |
| Respiratory disorder, % | 13 (11.1) | 42 (6.7) | 22 (5.13) | 2 (2.41) | 0.048 |
| Mood-related complaints, % | 52 (44.4) | 247 (39.3) | 109 (25.4) | 21 (25.3) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 11.4 (9.5) | 9.7 (9.2) | 9.6 (8.5) | 12.7 (13.0) | 0.01 |
| Diabetic medication, % | 77 (65.8) | 416 (66.1) | 297 (69.2) | 53 (63.9) | 0.66 |
| Hypertensive medication use, % | 80 (68.4) | 385 (61.2) | 247 (57.6) | 55 (66.3) | 0.12 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.4 (4.6) | 27.4 (5.0) | 26.8 (4.5) | 27.7 (5.3) | 0.19 |
| Obesity, % | 79 (67.5) | 198 (31.5) | 293 (68.3) | 64 (77.1) | 0.42 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140.6 (19.3) | 139.9 (18.7) | 140.2 (17.9) | 143.5 (23.4) | 0.43 |
| Hypertension, % | 107 (91.5) | 525 (83.5) | 367 (85.5) | 72 (86.7) | 0.15 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.68 (1.59) | 7.58 (1.57) | 7.62 (1.49) | 7.79 (1.63) | 0.66 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.89 (1.25) | 4.81 (1.23) | 4.80 (1.17) | 4.89 (1.55) | 0.85 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 70.6 (23.4) | 80.0 (22.6) | 80.4 (21.1) | 70.4 (27.0) | <0.001 |
| UACR*, mg/g | 141.2 (325.2) | 77.5 (247.0) | 77.6 (245.3) | 85.7 (152.8) | 0.27 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; UACR, urinary albumin: creatinine ratio. Data are in mean (SD) or n (%) as appropriate. The Chi-Square Test (for categorical variables) and ANOVA (for continuous variables) were used to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of participants between the 4 categories of sleep duration.
*
Indian participants only, where data for UACR was available (n = 781).