Table 4.
Other studies concerning associations of sleep duration with diabetic or chronic kidney disease.
| 1st author, publication year | Study design, country | Study population size | Relevant study outcome(s) | Reference sleep duration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STUDIES OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) | |||||
| Ohkuma et al. (16) | Cross-sectional; Japan | 4,870 | eGFR [simplified Japanese GFR inference formula equation (28)] Albuminuria and macroalbuminuria, defined as UACR ≥30 mg/g and ≥300 mg/g, respectively | 6.5 ≤ h <7.5 | ≥8.5 h was associated with reduced eGFR <4.5 h and ≥7.5 h were associated with albuminuria and higher log-transformed UACR levels <5.5 h and ≥7.5 h were associated with macroalbuminuria |
| Meng et al. (15) | Cross-sectional; China | 1,220 | DKD, defined as albuminuria (urinary levels of 24-h microalbumin >30 mg/24 h) and/or eGFR [MDRD equation (29)] <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 6 ≤ h ≤ 9 | <6 h was associated with DKD |
| STUDIES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) | |||||
| Sasaki et al. (30) | Prospective cohort; Japan | 3,600 | Incident CKD, defined as eGFR [simplified Japanese GFR inference formula equation (28)] <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 5 < h < 8 | Sleep duration was not associated with risk of CKD. However, 5 ≤ h of sleep was associated with incident CKD in a subgroup of shift workers |
| McMullan et al. (31) | Prospective cohort; USA | 4,238 | Incident CKD, defined as eGFR [MDRD equation (29)] <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 Rapid decline in eGFR, defined as a decrease in ≥30% eGFR from 1989 to 2000 Albuminuria, defined as UACR ≥30 mg/g | 7 ≤ h ≤ 8 | 5 ≤ h was associated with incident CKD and incident albuminuria 6 ≤ h was associated with rapid decline in eGFR |
| Yamamoto et al. (32) | Retrospective cohort; Japan | 6,834 | Incident proteinuria, defined as ≥+1 on the dipstick test | ≥7 h | 5 ≤ h was associated with incident proteinuria |
| Salifu et al. (32, 33) | Cross-sectional; USA | 128,486 | Self-reported CKD | 7 h | 6 ≤ h and ≥8 h were associated with CKD |
| Guo et al. (34) | Cross-sectional; China | 5,555 | Reduced eGFR [CKD-EPI equation (21)], defined as <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 7 ≤ h ≤ 8 | 6 ≤ h was associated with reduced eGFR |
| Thawornchaisit et al. (35) | Cross-sectional; Thailand | 87,143 | Self-reported CKD | 6 < h <9 | 6 ≤ h was associated with CKD in men. Sleep duration was not associated with CKD in women |
| Petrov et al. (36) | Cross-sectional; USA | 8,690 | UACR, and microalbuminuria defined as UACR ≥30 mg/mmol | 7 h | 5 ≤ h was associated with microalbuminuria Both shorter and longer durations of sleep were related to increased UACR |
| Choi et al. (37) | Cross-sectional; South Korea | 1,360 | Serum creatinine, proteinuria [≥+1 dipstick test), and eGFR (MDRD equation (29)] CKD, defined as either proteinuria or eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 7 ≤ h <8 | In women, ≥9 h was associated with high serum creatinine, low eGFR, and CKD in women In men, sleep duration was not associated with serum creatinine, eGFR or CKD |
| Kim et al. (38) | Cross-sectional; South Korea | 241,607 | CKD, defined as eGFR [CKD-EPI equation (21)] <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 Proteinuria, defined as ≥+1 on the dipstick test | 7 h | ≥9 h was associated with CKD 5 ≤ h and ≥9 h were associated with proteinuria in female and male subgroups, respectively |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. In all studies, the exposure variable was self-reported sleep duration.