Table 1.

Time-dependent EC uptake of GC GNRs

Time of EC exposure to GNRs (hours)	Normalized uptake (mean ± SEM)
2	0.66±0.28
4	0.73±0.16
8	0.82±0.18
16	1.00±0.31

Notes: Nanoparticle uptake studies usually require at least 16 hours of cell-nanoparticle co-incubation. In this study, flow-conditioned cells are expected to lose the flow effect by 16 hours, so shorter term cell-nanoparticle co-incubation is required. To confirm assess HUVEC uptake of GNRs after short-term incubation, HUVEC cultures were incubated with 500 µg/mL GNR for 2, 4, 8, and 16 hours. GNR uptake was quantified by measuring GNR-derived red fluorescence (the AF-647, which is conjugated to the GNRs) in the HUVEC cells. All results are normalized by 16-hour conditions. N=5.

Abbreviations: EC, endothelial cell; GNRs, gold nanorods; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; SEM, standard error of the mean.