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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Dec 15;132(3 Pt 2):811–819. doi: 10.1038/jid.2011.406

Figure 2. Integration of PKC signaling circuitry:

Figure 2.

Protein kinase C isoforms can be activated by the second messenger inputs calcium (Ca2+) and DAG generated by the activity of PLC. Intracellular calcium activates PKCα, β and γ via their C2 domains, while DAG and TPA activate PKCα, β, γ, δ, ε, η and θ via C1 domains. Src family kinases can also tyrosine phosphorylate and alter the expression of PKCδ. The outputs of PKC signaling are isoform dependent as indicated: PKCα (differentiation-associated growth arrest and cytokine-mediated inflammation), PKCβ (melanogenesis), PKCδ (squamous differentiation, growth arrest and apoptosis), PKCη (squamous differentiation and growth arrest), PKCε (hyperplasia).