Table 3.
The effect of 4-week wheat germ-enriched bread versus control bread on cardiovascular, inflammatory and metabolic risk markers
| Wheat germ-enriched bread | Control bread | Effect of wheat germ* | |||||||||||
| N | Baseline† | N | Post-Intervention† | P value within group | N | Baseline† | N | Post-Intervention† | P value within group | Effect | (95% CI) | P value between group | |
| Total cholesterol to mg/dL | 52 | 175.17±31.82 | 50 | 172.98±32.4 | 0.147 | 48 | 174.00±32.17 | 48 | 170.00±31.38 | 0.100 | 1.20 | (−4.54 to 6.95) | 0.675 |
| HDL cholesterol to mg/dL | 52 | 60.92±15.13 | 50 | 59.38±16.07 | 0.010 | 48 | 60.65±15.21 | 48 | 58.38±13.77 | 0.012 | 0.14 | (−1.83 to 2.12) | 0.886 |
| LDL cholesterol to mg/dL | 52 | 97.31±26.07 | 50 | 96.92±26.22 | 0.853 | 48 | 97.23±25.79 | 48 | 95.21±27.08 | 0.356 | 1.74 | (−3.80 to 7.28) | 0.530 |
| Triglycerides to mg/dL | 52 | 85.13±54.67 | 50 | 83.8±42.62 | 0.565 | 48 | 81.10±49.96 | 48 | 82.48±59.66 | 0.763 | −3.60 | (−16.28 to 9.08) | 0.571 |
| Glucose to mg/dL‡ | 27 | 84.22±6.82 | 26 | 81.27±7.32 | 0.011 | 25 | 83.48±6.13 | 25 | 80.68±7.50 | 0.012 | −0.24 | (−3.28 to 2.81) | 0.8765§ |
| Insulin to µU/mL | 51 | 7.00±3.08 | 50 | 7.04±2.83 | 0.729 | 47 | 6.84±3.45 | 48 | 7.32±5.75 | 0.524 | −0.39 | (−2.03 to 1.24) | 0.629 |
| HOMA-IR | 51 | 1.46±0.68 | 50 | 1.44±0.67 | 0.973 | 47 | 1.43±0.78 | 48 | 1.54±1.38 | 0.541 | 0.12 | (−0.49 to 0.26) | 0.529 |
| HbA1c to %¶ | 27 | 5.18±0.31 | 26 | 5.26±0.30 | 0.004 | 24 | 5.16±0.15 | 24 | 5.21±0.16 | 0.002 | 0.027 | (−0.03 to 0.09) | 0.380§ |
| IAUC glucose to mg.min/dL | 51 | 3399.58±2095.88 | 48 | 3017.74±1959.09 | 0.166 | 46 | 3379.91±2149.45 | 44 | 3334.59±2101.47 | 0.812 | −221.13 | (−901.34 to 459.08) | 0.524 |
| CRP to mg/dL | 52 | 0.13±0.21 | 50 | 0.18±0.42 | 0.374 | 48 | 0.12±0.17 | 48 | 0.25±0.57 | 0.093 | −0.07 | (−0.26 to 0.13) | 0.481 |
*Intervention effects were analysed using linear mixed model for repeated measures with compound symmetry as covariance structure.
†Mean±SD.
CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; IAUC, incremental area under the curve: LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
‡The intervention–sequence interaction was significant (−5.73 [−10.00,–1.46], p=0.010); the intervention effect was 2.07 in the first sequence and −3.66 in the second sequence.
§Only the first period was used in the analysis due the existence of carryover effect. Differences in changes within and between groups were compared by using the paired and unpaired t-test, respectively.
¶The intervention–sequence interaction was significant (0.15 [0.07, 0.23]; p<0.001); the intervention effect was −0.04 in the first sequence and 0.12 in the second sequence.