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. 2018 Oct 1;36(1):28–38. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy181

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 6. — The Pungitius pungitius Y shows limited degeneration. (A) Male: female fold coverage for the Gasterostreus aculeatus sex chromosome (Chr 19) shows known evolutionary strata. (B) The same plot for the P. pungitius sex chromosome (Chr 12) shows no loss of coverage in males. (C) d_N/d_S for genes on Chr 12 (N = 838) do not vary between species when all variants are considered. (D) d_N/d_S is elevated for both X and Y for variants private to the particular groups. (E) Differences in fold coverage for repetitive elements between males and females. Repetitive elements significantly greater in females are shown in red and those significantly greater in males are shown in blue. (F) Males show a greater overall proportion of reads mapping to repetitive elements (t test, P < 0.01). (G) Estimates of the functional effects of amino acid substitutions (Provean scores) show no difference between species when all variants are considered (N = 7485–7720 amino acid substitutions on Chr 12). (H) Provean scores for private Y-linked mutations are slightly elevated, but not significantly greater than those in P. sinensis (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.22). Number of private amino acid substitutions were: P. tymensis 569, P. sinensis 330, P. pungitius Y 172, P. pungitius X 868.