Table 1.
Demographic and anthropometric data and outcome measures for all subjects and for non-diabetics and diabetics individually
| Variables | Total (n=105) | Non-diabetes (n=63) | Diabetes (n=42) | ap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age, years | 67.4 (11.0) | 66.5 (12.3) | 68.7 (8.7) | 0.314h |
| Male sex (n (%)) | 88 (83.8) | 51 (81.0) | 37 (88.1) | 0.330f |
| bEthnicity (n (%)) | 0.213g | |||
| Afro-Trinidadian | 40 (38.1) | 29 (46.0) | 11 (26.2) | |
| Indo-Trinidadian | 55 (52.4) | 26 (41.3) | 29 (69.0) | |
| Caucasian | 3 (2.9) | 2 (3.2) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Mixed | 7 (6.7) | 6 (9.5) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Mean (SD) height, cm | 164.3 (8.2) | 165.0 (8.5) | 163.3 (7.6) | 0.296h |
| Median (IQR) weight, kg | 69.4 (60.0,77.9) | 66.0 (58.5,75.3) | 72.2 (64.0,83.8) | 0.016i |
| Median (IQR) BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 (22.1,28.7) | 24.2 (21.2,27.2) | 27.3 (24.1,30.4) | 0.001i |
| Cachexia (BMI <21 kg/m2) (n (%)) | 15 (14.7) | 13 (21.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0.026f |
| Lung function parameters | ||||
| FEV1, L (mean (SD)) | 1.47 (0.61) | 1.50 (0.63) | 1.44 (0.60) | 0.654h |
| c FEV1 % predicted (mean (SD)) | 59.8 (22.0) | 60.3 (22.7) | 59.0 (21.1) | 0.766h |
| FVC, L (mean (SD)) | 2.59 (0.87) | 2.65 (0.85) | 2.50 (0.92) | 0.421h |
| cFVC % predicted (mean (SD)) | 81.7 (23.4) | 83.3 (22.5) | 79.2 (24.7) | 0.385h |
| FEV1/FVC, % (median (IQR)) | 59.9 (47.6,66.3) | 59.8 (45.7,66.3) | 59.9 (51.1,66.1) | 0.661i |
| PEFR, L/min (median (IQR)) | 209 (134,294) | 215 (131,289) | 208 (141,303) | 0.725i |
| GOLD stages (n (%)) | 0.770g | |||
| Stage 1 (FEV1≥80% predicted) | 20 (19.2) | 11 (17.7) | 9 (21.4) | |
| Stage 2 (50% ≥80% predicted) | 52 (50.0) | 32 (51.6) | 20 (47.6) | |
| Stage 3 (30% ≥50% predicted) | 18 (17.3) | 10 (16.1) | 8 (19.0) | |
| Stage 4 (FEV1 <30% predicted) | 14 (13.5) | 9 (14.5) | 5 (11.9) | |
| HbA1c, % (median (IQR)) | 6.1 (5.7,6.7) | 5.8 (5.5,6.0) | 6.8 (6.5,7.6) | <0.001i |
| At least one exacerbation in past year (n (%)) | 33 (31.4) | 19 (30.2) | 14 (33.3) | 0.731f |
| Smoking history (n (%)) | 0.985g | |||
| Never smoked | 23 (22.3) | 13 (21.0) | 10 (24.4) | |
| Quit >1 year ago | 62 (60.2) | 39 (62.9) | 23 (56.1) | |
| Current smoker or quit ≤1 year ago | 18 (17.5) | 10 (16.1) | 8 (19.5) | |
| dSmoking pack-years (median (IQR)) | 37.5 (10.0,62.5) | 35.5 (12.5,60.0) | 40.0 (4.3,69.5) | 0.658i |
| eCorticosteroid use (n (%)) | ||||
| Inhaled | 73 (70.2) | 42 (66.7) | 31 (75.6) | 0.330f |
| Oral | 10 (9.6) | 5 (7.9) | 5 (12.2) | 0.472f |
| Intravenous | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.9) | 0.077f |
| SGRQ scores (mean (SD)) | ||||
| Symptoms | 44.42 (22.67) | 43.09 (23.40) | 46.42 (21.64) | 0.464h |
| Activity | 60.81 (28.35) | 59.68 (29.60) | 62.52 (26.62) | 0.617h |
| Impacts | 34.40 (20.88) | 33.61 (21.66) | 35.57 (19.84) | 0.640h |
| Total | 44.09 (21.10) | 43.12 (22.14) | 45.55 (19.62) | 0.566h |
| CAT score (mean (SD)) | 16.0 (8.8) | 15.5 (9.4) | 16.7 (7.8) | 0.499h |
| CES-D score (median (IQR)) | 7.5 (2.0,16.0) | 6.5 (2.0,16.3) | 8.0 (3.0,16.5) | 0.426i |
| CESD-R score (median (IQR)) | 7.0 (3.0,19.0) | 7.0 (2.0,20.0) | 9.0 (4.0,18.3) | 0.393i |
| Clinically significant CES-D score (i.e., ≥16) (n (%)) | 27 (26.0) | 16 (25.8) | 11 (26.2) | 0.965f |
| Clinically significant CESD-R score (i.e., ≥16) (n (%)) | 33 (31.4) | 20 (31.7) | 13 (31.0) | 0.932f |
| 1-year mortality (n (%)) | 6 (6.9) | 1 (1.9) | 5 (14.3) | 0.026f |
comparing non-diabetes and diabetes;
based on patient’s perception;
calculated using the Global Lungs Initiative 2012 Excel sheet calculator;
one pack-year is defined as smoking 20 cigarettes daily for 1 year;
in past 3 to 4 months;
Chi-squared test;
Kruskal–Wallis test;
t-test;
Mann-Whitney U test;
BMI: body mass index; CAT: COPD assessment test; SD: standard deviation; CES-D: center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; CESD-R: center for epidemiologic studies depression scale-revised; SGRQ: St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire
Non-diabetes includes normal and pre-diabetes, and diabetes includes a prior medical history and newly diagnosed diabetes