Table 1.
Major potential factors influencing the outcome of H. pylori eradication therapy.
| Category | Factor | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics | Resistance to antibiotics | Clarithromycin | A2142G, A2142C, and A2143G mutations in the 23S rRNA gene |
| Metronidazole | frxA (hp0642), rdxA (hp0954), and rpsU (hp0562) mutations | ||
| Levofloxacin | C261A/G, C271A/T, and A272G mutations in gyrA | ||
| Amoxicillin | Multiple point mutations in pbp1 gene | ||
| Acid inhibition | Insufficient acid inhibition | CYP2C19 type (PPI) | Extensive metabolizer (∗1/∗1 type) |
| CYP2C19∗17 (PPI) | ∗17 carrier | ||
| ABCB1 3435 (PPI) | C/C genotype (Caucasian) | ||
| CYP3A5 (VPZ) | ∗1 carrier | ||
| IL-1B-511 | C/C genotype | ||
| IL-1B-31 | T/T genotype | ||
| Time of dosing | Low frequency (i.e., oid) | ||
| Drug dose | Insufficient dose | ||
| H. pylori phenotype | H. pylori virulence factors | cagA status | Negative |
| vacA genotype | s2 type | ||
| dupA status | Negative | ||
| Volume | Much | ||
| Environment | Smoking | Many | |
| Adherence | Insufficient |
ABCB1, multidrug resistance protein-1; CYP2C19, cytochrome P450 2C19; CYP3A5, cytochrome P450 3A5; IL, interleukin.