Table 2.

The effects of ginger supplementation on chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting

Study ID and date of publication	Type of article	Intervention (ginger dose per day)	Comparator	Duration	Main results
Marx et al. (2013)	Systematic review (7 studies 2003–2012) (Fahimi et al., 2011; Manusirivithaya et al., 2004; Panahi et al., 2012; Pillai et al., 2011; Ryan et al., 2012; Sontakke et al., 2003; Zick et al., 2009)	(0.5, 1 or 1.5) g ginger extract/day + antiemetic drug	Placebo + antiemetic drug	Consumption: 2 × 6 day Evaluation: for 3 × 4‐day	All concentrations of ginger significantly reduced the incidence of acute, but not delayed nausea, with 0.5 and 1.0 g being the most effective
		1.5 g (3 × 500 mg)/day + standard antiemetic regimen	Standard antiemetic regimen	Consumption: 4 days from the initiation of chemotherapy evaluation: first 6 hr, between 6 and 24 hr, and days 2, 3, and 4 postchemotherapy	Reduced nausea 6–24 h postchemotherapy, no other significant additional benefit against prevalence or severity of nausea, vomiting, and retching in any of them during the assessed periods.
		1 g ginger (6 × 167 mg) or 2 g (5 × 400 mg) determined by participant's weight	Placebo	Consumption: for 3 days postchemotherapy; evaluation: for 10 days	Reduction in moderate and severe acute and delayed nausea and emesis
		1 g (4 × 250 mg)	Placebo then crossed over	2 × 3‐day (3‐week Washout)	No additional benefit in any measurement of acute or delayed nausea and vomiting to standard control
		1 g (4 × 250 mg or 2 g (8 × 250 mg) per day	Placebo	3 days postchemotherapy	No benefit in any measurement of acute or delayed nausea and vomiting
		1 g ginger (4 × 250 mg)	Placebo crossed over	2 × 5‐day (3–4‐week washout)	No benefit in acute nausea. Reduction in delayed nausea and vomiting equal to standard treatment
		2 g (4 × 500 mg) ginger	2 control groups crossed over	3 × 24‐hr (21 days between Session)	Ginger performed equally as well as metoclopramide in controlling of nausea and vomiting
Arslan & Ozdemir (2015)	Experimental RCT	500 mg powdered ginger, mixed with a spoonful of yogurt (×2)/day + standard antiemetic drugs	Standard antiemetic medicines	30 min before chemotherapy for 3 days followed up for 5 days	Nausea severity and the number of vomiting episodes were significantly lower in the intervention group than control group, the change in the number of retching episodes was not statistically significant
Sanaati et al. (2016)	RCT	500 mg (×2) (~1 g/day) of powdered ginger + routine antiemetic regimen	1‐Matricaria chamomilla extract + routine antiemetic regimen 2‐Control group, routine antiemetic regimen	5 days before and 5 days after chemotherapy	Ginger and chamomile were both significantly effective for reducing the frequency of vomiting; ginger significantly influenced the frequency of nausea
Thamlikitkul et al., (2017)	RCT crossover	500‐mg ginger capsule (×2)/day (~1 g/day) + anti emetics	Placebo+ antiemetics	5 days	There were no significant differences between ginger and placebo in nausea severity, vomiting incidence and severity, rescue medication use, chemotherapy compliance, and adverse events.
Montazeri, Raei, et al. (2013)	RCT crossover	Ginger 1 g (4 × 250 mg)	Placebo	Two chemotherapy cycles	Reduced severity and frequency of nausea and vomiting
Ansari et al. (2016)	RCT	250 mg (×2) ginger powder, (×2)/day (~1 g/day)	Placebo	3 days	There were no significant differences between ginger and placebo in nausea and vomiting except in those patients who received the AC regimen chemotherapy, vomiting was less severe comparing to placebo