Table 3.

Postoperative or drug‐induced nausea and vomiting

Study ID	Type of article	Cause of nausea and vomiting	Intervention (ginger dose per day)	Comparator	Duration	Main results
Kalava et al. (2013)	RCT	Postoperative and intraoperative nausea and vomiting	Ginger powder 2 g (2 × 1 g) + standard preoperative antiemetic	Placebo standard preoperative antiemetic	Consumption: 1 capsule 30 min before induction of anesthesia and the second 2 hr after surgery evaluation: 0, 2, 2 ½ and 24 hr after surgery	Ginger reduced the number of episodes of intraoperative nausea, but it had no effect on incidence of nausea, vomiting, or pain during and after an elective cesarean section under spinal epidural anesthesia
Mandal et al. (2014)	RCT	Postoperative nausea and vomiting	0.5 g ginger powder (×2)/day ~ 1 g/day + IV Ondansetron (4 mg)	Placebo+ IV Ondansetron (4 mg)	Consumption: 1 hr prior to induction of general anesthesia Evaluation:18 h postoperation	Significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting compared to ondansetron alone
Montazeri, Hamidzadeh, et al. (2013)	RCT	Postoperative nausea and vomiting	250 mg ginger powder (×4)	Placebo	Consumption:1 hr before surgery, evaluation: 2, 4, 6 hr postoperation	The frequencies of nausea in the experimental group at 2 hr postoperation were borderline significant but no significant differences between two groups in the intensity of vomiting
Hosseini & Adib‐Hajbaghery (2015)	RCT	After open and laparoscopic nephrectomies	50 open and 50 laparoscopic nephrectomy. Half of the subjects in eachgroup received ginger essence	Half of the subjects in each group received placebo	Consumption: Before surgery evaluation : every 15 min for the first 2 postoperative h and the 6th hour	Using ginger essence lowered nausea and vomiting In the first 2 postoperative hours, vs. patients with the same surgery but receiving placebo
Zeraati, Shahinfar, Hesari, Masrorniya, & Nasimi (2016)	RCT	Cesarean section spinal anesthesia	25 drops of ginger extract in 30 cc of water	30 cc of water	Consumption: 1 h before surgery evaluation: 2, 4 hr after surgery	Ginger decreased the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting during the cesarean section no statistically significant relationship at 2, 4 hr after surgery
Seidi, Ebnerasooli, Shahsawari, & Nzarian (2017)	RCT	After cataract surgery under general anesthesia	1‐a ginger capsule in a single 1 g dose 2‐ 2 separate doses of ginger capsule each containing 500 mg	Placebo	Consumption: before operation: 6 AM day of surgery (single dose) or 10 PM (day before and 6 AM day of surgery for 2 dose Evaluation: 6 h after operation	The frequency and intensity of nausea and the frequency of vomiting among those ginger consumers in 2 separate 500 mg doses were less than the one dose and they both were less than placebo
Dabaghzadeh, Khalili, Dashti‐Khavidaki, Abbasian, & Moeinifard (2014)	RCT	Antiretroviral therapy. (HIV + patients)	500 mg ginger (×2)/day	Placebo	Consumption: 30 min before each dose of antiretroviral Regimen for 14 days	Frequency of mild, moderate, and severe nausea and reported at least one episode of vomiting were significantly lower in the ginger than placebo
Emrani, Shojaei, & Khalili (2016)	Pilot RCT	Antituberculosis drug	500 mg ginger/day (2 Zintoma)	Placebo	Consumption one‐half hour before each daily dose of antituberculosis drugs (fasting) for 4 weeks	Nausea was more common in the placebo than the ginger group
Palatty et al. (2013)	Review (3 studies about this topic (2003–2006) (Apariman, Ratchanon, & Wiriyasirivej, 2006; Pongrojpaw & Chiamchanya, 2003; Tavlan et al., 2006)	Outpatient gynecological laparoscopy	0.5 g ginger powder (×2)	Placebo	Consumption: 1 hr before the procedure Evaluation: at 2, 4 and 24 hr after operation	The incidence of the nausea and visual analogue nausea scores was lower in ginger group than placebo at 2 and 4 hr. No difference at 24 hr was found in both groups. Incidence and frequency of vomiting between 2 groups were not statistically different
		Gynecological laparoscopy	0.5 g ginger powder (×3)	Placebo	Consumption: 1 h before the procedure Evaluation: at 2 and 6 h after operation.	At 6 h postoperation, ginger lowered nausea and borderline vomiting but at 2 hr, differences between the two groups for nausea and vomiting were not significant
		General anesthesia for thyroidectomy	0.5 g of ginger+ dexamethasone (IV, immediately before the induction of anesthesia)	Placebo + dexamethasone (IV, immediately before the induction of anesthesia)	Consumption: 1 prior to surgery Evaluation: over 24‐hr after surgery	Dexamethasone plus ginger did not significantly reduce nausea and vomiting compared with dexamethasone during the observation period