TABLE 2.
Linear regression analysis of BSID-III composite scores comparing HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) to HIV-unexposed (HU) children on cognitive, motor and language* development.
| Variable | Cognitive | Motor | Language*1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | aβ (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | aβ (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | aβ (95% CI) | |
| Maternal HIV (HEU vs. HU)2 | 0.31 (−2.07; 2.69) | 0.64 (−1.89; 3.16) | 0.55 (−1.84; 2.95) | 1.23 (−1.28; 3.74) | 1.97 (−0.6; 4.54) | 2.68 (−0.08; 5.43) |
| Gestation at delivery (weeks) | 1.19 (0.64; 1.75) | 1.20 (0.63; 1.76) | 1.35 (0.79; 1.91) | 1.35 (0.78; 1.92) | 0.50 (−0.10; 1.11) | 0.51 (−0.11; 1.12) |
| Sex: male vs. female2 | 1.09 (−1.26; 3.43) | - | 1.33 (−1.02; 3.68) | - | −0.12 (−2.65; 2.42) | - |
| Weight-for-age Z-score at birth3 | 0.63 (−0.58; 1.84) | - | −0.38 (−1.60; 0.83) | - | −0.43 (−1.74; 0.88) | - |
| Small-for-gestational age4 | −2.83 (−6.39; 0.72) | −2.78 (−6.36; 0.81) | −0.92 (−4.53; 2.70) | −0.20 (−3.80; 3.40) | −0.86 (−4.72; 3.00) | −1.16 (−5.09; 2.77) |
| Maternal age ≥ 30 years5 | 1.59 (−0.81; 3.99) | - | 1.76 (−0.65; 4.17) | - | −0.12 (−2.72; 2.48) | - |
| Maternal education6 | 0.43 (−1.98; 2.83) | 0.65 (−1.82; 3.13) | −0.61 (−3.02; 1.81) | −0.73 (−3.20; 1.73) | 1.78 (−0.81; 4.38) | 2.50 (−0.18; 5.18) |
| Maternal employment7 | 0.16 (−2.21; 2.52) | - | 0.07 (−2.30; 2.44) | - | −0.28 (−2.84; 2.28) | - |
| Informal housing8 | −1.41 (−3.76; 0.94) | −1.69 (−4.06; 0.67) | −1.81 (−4.16; 0.55) | −2.48 (−4.83; −0.13) | −1.33 (−3.87; 1.21) | - |
| Planned pregnancy9 | 0.34 (−2.19; 2.87) | - | −1.15 (−3.68; 1.38) | - | −1.43 (−4.16; 1.30) | - |
| Intimate partner violence10 | −0.65 (−4.20; 2.90) | −1.19 (−4.86; 2.47) | −2.45 (−5.99; 1.09) | −2.77 (−6.39; 0.86) | 0.49 (−3.33; 4.30) | 0.36 (−3.61; 4.34) |
| Risky drinking11 | 0.14 (−3.04; 3.31) | 0.88 (−2.52; 4.28) | −2.17 (−5.39; 1.04) | −1.30 (−4.71; 2.11) | −0.50 (−3.93; 2.94) | −1.40 (−5.11; 2.31) |
| Postpartum depression12 | 3.08 (−3.54; 9.70) | - | −3.07 (−9.73; 3.59) | - | −1.94 (−9.15; 5.27) | - |
| Breastfeeding duration (months)13 | 0.11 (−0.11; 0.34) | 0.09 (−0.13; 0.31) | 0.19 (−0.04; 0.41) | 0.15 (−0.08; 0.37) | 0.02 (−0.22; 0.26) | 0.01 (−0.24; 0.25) |
Based on expressive language only
Test for HIV-exposure/infant sex interaction in multivariable model: cognitive, p=0.79; motor, p=0.96; language, p=0.77
Intergrowth-21 reference standards
<10th vs. ≥ 10th percentile
vs. <30 years of age
completed vs. did not complete secondary schooling
any employment vs. none
vs. brick housing
vs. unplanned pregnancy
any physical, sexual or psychological violence reported at first antenatal visit vs. none;
Alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT-C) score ≥3 vs. <3, first antenatal visit
EPDS (Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) score >=13 vs. <13 at 6 weeks’ postpartum study visit
Based on maternal self-report, last study visit date at which any breastfeeding was reported used as date of breastfeeding cessation