Table 4.
Within‐hospital differences in HCAHPS top‐box scored composite measures by preferred language within racial/ethnic group, adjusted for patient‐mix, survey year, and hospital fixed effects (N = 5 480 308)
| Racial/ethnic group | Preferred language | Nurse communication | Doctor communication | Hospital staff responsiveness | Communication about medication | Discharge information | Care coordination | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est | P | Est | P | Est | P | Est | P | Est | P | Est | P | ||
| White | English | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA |
| White | Spanish | 1.3 | *** | 1.8 | *** | 2.9 | *** | 1.3 | −0.5 | − 1.4 | ** | ||
| White | Russian | 5.8 | *** | 7.2 | *** | 10.3 | *** | 5.7 | *** | 3.5 | *** | − 3.2 | *** |
| White | Portuguese | 2.1 | ** | 3.8 | *** | 2.4 | * | 3.7 | ** | 2.0 | ** | 0.5 | |
| White | Other language | 1.6 | *** | 1.5 | *** | 2.0 | *** | 0.2 | 0.1 | − 5.0 | *** | ||
| Joint test of language within r/e group | NA | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Black | English | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA |
| Black | Spanish | − 3.7 | ** | − 4.0 | ** | − 4.2 | * | − 8.6 | *** | − 2.6 | * | − 7.0 | *** |
| Black | Other language | − 2.1 | *** | − 2.7 | *** | − 1.5 | ** | − 2.5 | *** | − 3.9 | *** | − 5.5 | *** |
| Joint test of language within r/e group | NA | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Hispanic | English | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA |
| Hispanic | Spanish | − 1.0 | *** | 0.3 | ** | 0.7 | *** | 0.2 | 0.5 | *** | − 2.0 | *** | |
| Hispanic | Portuguese | 1.1 | −1.5 | 1.4 | −0.5 | 1.1 | − 4.8 | *** | |||||
| Hispanic | Other language | − 1.4 | *** | − 1.4 | *** | − 2.4 | *** | − 0.0 a | − 0.8 | * | − 5.6 | *** | |
| Joint test of language within r/e group | NA | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||||
| API | English | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA |
| API | Chinese | − 5.5 | *** | − 5.2 | *** | − 4.6 | *** | − 3.4 | *** | 4.2 | *** | − 7.6 | *** |
| API | Vietnamese | − 5.1 | *** | − 5.0 | *** | − 3.5 | *** | −0.6 | 3.6 | *** | − 2.1 | *** | |
| API | Other language | − 0.5 | * | − 0.7 | ** | − 1.5 | *** | −0.2 | 1.5 | *** | − 2.2 | *** | |
| Joint test of language within r/e group | NA | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| AI/AN | English | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | NA |
| AI/AN | Other language | − 5.6 | *** | − 4.7 | *** | − 3.9 | *** | − 2.8 | * | − 4.0 | *** | − 3.9 | *** |
a−0.1 < x < 0.0; Est, estimate. Bold font is used to highlight statistically significant positive coefficients >3. Italics is used to highlight statistically significant positive coefficients <3. Underlining is used to highlight statistically significant negative coefficients <3. Bold font and underlining is used to highlight statistically significant negative coefficients >3.
*P < 0.5. **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001.