Table 1.
Physical and metabolic characteristics in normal-weight versus obese youth with NGT versus IGT versus type 2 diabetes
| NW, n = 49 | Ob-NGT, n = 89 | Ob-IGT, n = 38 | Ob-T2D, n = 29 | PANOVA | Ppost hoc | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NW vs. Ob-NGT | NW vs. Ob-IGT | NW vs. Ob-T2D | Ob-NGT vs. Ob-IGT | Ob-NGT vs. Ob-T2D | Ob-IGT vs. Ob-T2D | ||||||
| Age (years) | 14.4 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 0.2 | 14.9 ± 0.4 | 15.2 ± 0.3 | NS | ||||||
| Race (% AA/AW) | 53/47 | 52/48 | 32 68 | 52/48 | NS | ||||||
| Sex (% M/F) | 49/51 | 32/68 | 18/82 | 38/62 | 0.024 | ||||||
| Tanner stage (% IV/V) | 55/45 | 29/71 | 21/79 | 28/72 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Adiposity parameters | |||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.6 ± 0.3 | 33.9 ± 0.7 | 36.8 ± 1.0 | 36.8 ± 1.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.058 | NS | NS |
| BMI percentile | 59.9 ± 3.0 | 97.0 ± 0.3 | 98.7 ± 0.2 | 99.0 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS | NS | NS |
| FM (kg) | 11.7 ± 0.8 | 37.1 ± 1.7 | 42.8 ± 1.8 | 41.2 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS | NS | NS |
| FFM (kg) | 41.3 ± 1.2 | 49.2 ± 1.0 | 51.4 ± 1.7 | 54.3 ± 2.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS | NS | NS |
| % Body fat | 21.1 ± 1.2 | 40.4 ± 1.1 | 44.0 ± 0.8 | 42.3 ± 1.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS | NS | NS |
| VAT (cm2) | 24.5 ± 2.2 | 60.8 ± 4.1 | 85.1 ± 5.1 | 83.6 ± 7.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.012 | NS |
| SAT (cm2) | 97.8 ± 8.4 | 469.2 ± 24.1 | 559.2 ± 26.4 | 542.9 ± 25.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.054 | NS | NS |
| TAT (cm2) | 122.3 ± 9.9 | 527.3 ± 26.4 | 644.3 ± 29.4 | 626.8 ± 30.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.014 | NS | NS |
| Lipid parameters | |||||||||||
| TC (mg/dL) | 146.1 ± 4.3 | 154.5 ± 3.2 | 172.7 ± 5.4 | 155.3 ± 6.0 | <0.0001# | NS | <0.0001 | NS | 0.016 | NS | NS |
| TG (mg/dL) | 69.0 ± 4.5 | 105.7 ± 5.3 | 142.0 ± 14.4 | 133.1 ± 13.2 | <0.0001# | 0.004 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.011 | NS | NS |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 49.2 ± 1.4 | 42.0 ± 0.9 | 37.7 ± 1.4 | 38.0 ± 1.4 | <0.0001# | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.080 | NS | NS |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 83.2 ± 3.6 | 91.4 ± 2.8 | 107.4 ± 4.9 | 91.0 ± 5.5 | 0.001# | NS | <0.0001 | NS | 0.017 | NS | NS |
| VLDL (mg/dL) | 13.8 ± 0.9 | 21.2 ± 1.1 | 26.3 ± 2.5 | 26.6 ± 2.7 | <0.0001# | 0.002 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS | NS | NS |
| Glycemic parameters | |||||||||||
| HbA1c, % [mmol/mol] | 5.24 ± 0.06 [33.83 ± 0.62] | 5.27 ± 0.04 [34.07 ± 0.50] | 5.33 ± 0.07 [34.68 ± 0.82] | 6.57 ± 0.15 [48.31 ± 1.67] | <0.0001# | NS | NS | <0.0001 | NS | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 95.1 ± 0.8 | 95.4 ± 0.6 | 96.8 ± 1.2 | 121.5 ± 4.8 | <0.0001# | NS | NS | <0.0001 | NS | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | <0.0001# | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS |
| Adipokines | |||||||||||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 32.8 ± 2.0 | 36.4 ± 2.8 | 32.7 ± 2.7 | <0.0001# | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS | NS | NS |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 12.9 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | <0.0001# | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS | 0.052 | NS |
Data are means ± SEM. VAT, SAT, and TAT data were available for 195 subjects (47 NW, 85 Ob-NGT, 36 Ob-IGT, and 27 Ob-T2D). HbA1c is missing in seven participants (three in lean and four in obese NGT). Total n for leptin is 188 (48 NW, 77 Ob-NGT, 35 Ob-IGT, and 28 Ob-T2D) and for adiponectin 182 (37 NW, 82 Ob-NGT, 36 Ob-IGT, and 27 Ob-T2D). AA, African American; AW, American white; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; NW, normal weight; Ob, obese; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
#P < 0.05 after adjustment for sex, race, Tanner stage, BMI, and VAT.